Investigating social connection as a protective factor against exam stress in college students

References

• Malone GP, Pillow DR, Osman A. The General Belongingness Scale (GBS): assessing achieved belongingness. Personal Individ Differ. 2012;52(3):311–316. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385–396. doi:10.2307/2136404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamsdin S, Anvar M, Mehrabani D. The effect of exam stress on serum IL-6, cortisol. CRP IgE Levels. 2010;12(7):484–488.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell R, Soenens B, Beyers W, Vansteenkiste M. University students’ sleep during an exam period: the role of basic psychological needs and stress. Motiv Emot. 2018;42(5):671–681. doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9699-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roozendaal B. Stress and memory: opposing effects of glucocorticoids on memory consolidation and memory retrieval. Neurobiol Learn Memory. 2002;78(3):578–595. doi:10.1006/nlme.2002.4080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struthers CW, Perry RP, Menec VH. An examination of the relationship among academic stress, coping, motivation, and performance in college. Res High Educ. 2000;41:581–592. doi:10.1023/A:1007094931292.
   Google Scholar
• Townsend KC, McWhirter BT. Connectedness: a review of the literature with implications for counseling, assessment, and research. J Counsel Develop. 2005;83(2):191–201. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00596.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee RM, Robbins SB. Measuring belongingness: The social connectedness and the social assurance scales. J Counsel Psychol. 1995;42(2):232–241. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.42.2.232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asghar A. Loneliness matters: a theoretical review of prevalence in adulthood. JPBS 2019;7(1):41–47. doi:10.15640/jpbs.v7n1a5.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy GJ, Tuckman BW. An exploration into the influence of academic and social values, procrastination, and perceived school belongingness on academic performance. Soc Psychol Educ. 2013;16(3):435–470. doi:10.1007/s11218-013-9220-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagerty BM, Williams A. The effects of sense of belonging, social support, conflict, and loneliness on depression. Nurs Res. 1999;48(4):215–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lounsbury JW, DeNeui D. Collegiate psychological sense of community in relation to size of college/university and extroversion. J Commun Psychol. 1996;24(4):381–394. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199610)24:4<381::AID-JCOP7>3.0.CO;2-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvinick MM, Carter CS, Braver TS, Barch DM, Cohen JD. Conflict monitoring and cognitive control.: 29.
   Google Scholar
• Ochsner KN, Gross JJ. Cognitive emotion regulation: insights from social cognitive and affective neuroscience. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2008;17(2):153–158. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00566.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins E, Brown RG. Rumination and executive function in depression: an experimental study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat. 2002;72(3):400–402. doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.3.400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn ME, Joormann J. Control when it counts: Change in executive control under stress predicts depression symptoms. Emotion 2015;15(4):522–530. doi:10.1037/emo0000089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster EHW, Hoorelbeke K, Onraedt T, Owens M, Derakshan N. Cognitive control interventions for depression: A systematic review of findings from training studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;53:79–92. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macleod C. The stroop task: The “Gold Standard” of attentional measures. J Exp Psychol: Gen. 2002;121. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.121.1.12.
   Google Scholar
• Lee RM, Keough KA, Sexton JD. Social connectedness, social appraisal, and perceived stress in college women and men. J Counsel Develop. 2002;80(3):355–361. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00200.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy L, Denis R, Ward CP, Tartar JL. Academic stress differentially influences perceived stress, salivary cortisol, and immunoglobulin-A in undergraduate students. Stress 2010;13(4):366–371. doi:10.3109/10253891003615473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sladek MR, Doane LD, Luecken LJ, Eisenberg N. Perceived stress, coping, and cortisol reactivity in daily life: A study of adolescents during the first year of college. Biol Psychol. 2016;117:8–15. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs M, Baumgartner T, Kirschbaum C, Ehlert U. Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress. Biol Psychiat. 2003;54(12):1389–1398. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00465-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards D, Wetzel K, Wyner D. Intercollegiate soccer: Saliva cortisol and testosterone are elevated during competition, and testosterone is related to status and social connectedness with teammates. Physiol Behav. 2006;87(1):135–143. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles SR, Nelson EA, Palombo EA. Investigating the role of perceived stress on bacterial flora activity and salivary cortisol secretion: A possible mechanism underlying susceptibility to illness. Biol Psychol. 2008;77(2):132–137. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister RF, Twenge JM, Nuss CK. Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: Anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought. J Personal Soc Psychol. 2002;83(4):817–827. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister RF, DeWall CN, Ciarocco NJ, Twenge JM. Social exclusion impairs self-regulation. J Personal Soc Psychol. 2005;88(4):589–604. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly ME, Duff H, Kelly S, et al. The impact of social activities, social networks, social support and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2017;6(1):259. doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum A, Garofalo JP, Yali AM. Socioeconomic status and chronic stress: does stress account for SES effects on health? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896(1):131–144. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08111.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amso D, Salhi C, Badre D. The relationship between cognitive enrichment and cognitive control: A systematic investigation of environmental influences on development through socioeconomic status. Develop Psychobiol. 2019;61(2):159–178. doi:10.1002/dev.21794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar