The message matters: Advertisement framing and college women’s beliefs toward exercise

References

• Giacobbi PR, Hausenblas HA, Frye N. A naturalistic assessment of the relationship between personality, daily life events, leisure-time exercise, and mood. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2005;6(1):67–81. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2003.10.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan CL, Catalino LI, Mata J, Fredrickson BL. Beyond emotional benefits: Physical activity and sedentary behaviour affect psychosocial resources through emotions. Psychol Health. 2015;30(3):354–369. doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.973410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed. Washington, DC; 2018:118.
   Google Scholar
• Warburton DER, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: A systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017;32(5):541–556. doi:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Physical activity. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity. Published 2019. Accessed November 12, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• American College Health Association. American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Executive Summary Spring 2019. Silver Spring, MD: American College Health Assocation; 2019. https://www.acha.org/documents/ncha/NCHA-II_SPRING_2019_US_REFERENCE_GROUP_EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Blackwell D, Clarke T. State Variation in Meeting the 2008 Federal Guidelines for Both Aerobic and Muscle-strengthening Activities Through Leisure-time Physical Activity Among Adults Aged 18–64: United States, 2010–2015. National Health Statistics Reports. 2018;22. Number 112, June 28, 2018. DHHS Publication No. 2018–1250.
   Google Scholar
• Han JL, Dinger MK, Hull HR, Randall NB, Heesch KC, Fields DA. Changes in women’s physical activity during the transition to college. Am J Health Educ. 2008;39(4):194–199. doi:10.1080/19325037.2008.10599038.
   Google Scholar
• Katzmarzyk PT, Lee IM, Martin CK, Blair SN. Epidemiology of physical activity and exercise training in the United States. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;60(1):3–10. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2017.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson M, Story M, Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Lytle LA. Emerging adulthood and college-aged youth: An overlooked age for weight-related behavior change. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(10):2205–2211. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small M, Bailey-Davis L, Morgan N, Maggs J. Changes in eating and physical activity behaviors across seven semesters of college: Living on or off campus matters. Health Educ Behav. 2013;40(4):435–441. doi:10.1177/1090198112467801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firestone MJ, Yi SS, Bartley KF, Eisenhower DL. Perceptions and the role of group exercise among New York City adults, 2010–2011: An examination of interpersonal factors and leisure-time physical activity. Prev Med. 2015;72:50–55. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harden SM, McEwan D, Sylvester BD, et al. Understanding for whom, under what conditions, and how group-based physical activity interventions are successful: A realist review. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):958. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2270-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UKactive Research Institute. Moving Communities: Active Leisure Trends 2018 Report. UKactive Research Institute; 2018. https://web.datahubclub.com/moving-communities-active-leisure-trends-2018-report/. Accessed December 6, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson W. Worldwide survey of fitness trends for 2018 the CREP edition apply it. ACSM’s Health Fitn J. 2017;21(6):10–19. doi:10.1249/FIT.0000000000000341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker R. The Popularity of Fitness Classes - Trends and Demographics. Human Kinetics Blog. https://humankinetics.me/2019/09/19/the-popularity-of-fitness-classes-trends-and-demographics/. Published September 19, 2019. Accessed December 6, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Boren S. College students’ motivations to attend group fitness classes: An exploratory investigation. Recreational Sports J. 2017;41(2):156–166. doi:10.1123/rsj.2015-0040.
   Google Scholar
• Forrester SA. The Benefits of Campus Recreation. Corvallis, OR: NIRSA; 2014:26.
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein M. A reasoned action approach to health promotion. Med Decis Making. 2008;28(6):834–844. doi:10.1177/0272989X08326092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latimer AE, Brawley LR, Bassett RL. A systematic review of three approaches for constructing physical activity messages: What messages work and what improvements are needed? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7(1):36. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vreese CH. News framing: Theory and typology. IDJ. 2005;13(1):51–62. doi:10.1075/idjdd.13.1.06vre.
   Google Scholar
• Gillespie L, Richards T, Givens E, Smith D. Framing deadly domestic violence: Why the media’s spin matters in newspaper coverage of femicide. Violence against Women. 2013;19(2):222–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappella JN, Jamieson KH. News frames, political cynicism, and media cynicism: ANNALS, AAPSS, 546, July 1996. In: Scammell M, Semetko H, eds. The Media, Journalism and Democracy. London, UK: Routledge; 1996:223–236.
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff G. Don’t Think of an Elephant: Progressive Values and the Framing Wars—a Progressive Guide to Action. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Smith SW, Hamel LM, Kotowski MR, et al. Action tendency emotions evoked by memorable breast cancer messages and their association with prevention and detection behaviors. Health Commun. 2010;25(8):737–746. doi:10.1080/10410236.2010.521916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke E, McCarthy B. The lifestyle behaviours and exercise beliefs of undergraduate student nurses: A descriptive study. Health Education. 2011;111(3):230–246. doi:10.1108/09654281111123501.
   Google Scholar
• D’Alonzo KT, Fischetti N. Cultural beliefs and attitudes of black and hispanic college-age women toward exercise. J Transcult Nurs. 2008;19(2):175–183. doi:10.1177/1043659607313074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs DS, Hausenblas HA. Elicitation studies and the theory of planned behavior: A systematic review of exercise beliefs. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2005;6(1):1–31. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2003.08.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French DP, Sutton S, Hennings SJ, et al. The importance of affective beliefs and attitudes in the theory of planned behavior: Predicting intention to increase physical activity. J Appl Social Pyschol. 2005;35(9):1824–1848. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02197.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubbs L, Carter J. The relationship of perceived benefits and barriers to reported exercise behaviors in college undergraduates. Fam Community Health. 2002;25(2):76–84. doi:10.1097/00003727-200207000-00009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juarbe TC, Lipson JG, Turok X. Physical activity beliefs, behaviors, and cardiovascular fitness of mexican immigrant women. J Transcult Nurs. 2003;14(2):108–116. doi:10.1177/1043659602250623.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krane V, Waldron J, Michalenok J, Stiles-Shipley J. Body image concerns in female exercisers and athletes: A feminist cultural studies perspective. Women Sport Phys Act J. 2001;10(1):17–54. doi:10.1123/wspaj.10.1.17.
   Google Scholar
• Lovell G, El Ansari W, Parker JK. Perceived exercise benefits and barriers of non-exercising female university students in the United Kingdom. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7(3):784–798. doi:10.3390/ijerph7030784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egli T, Bland H, Melton B, Czech D. Influence of age, sex, and race on college students’ exercise motivation of physical activity. J Am Coll Health. 2011;59(5):399–406. doi:10.1080/07448481.2010.513074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiggemann M, Williamson S. The effect of exercise on body satisfaction and self-esteem as a function of gender and age. Sex Roles. 2000;43(1/2):119–127. doi:10.1023/A:1007095830095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strelan P, Mehaffey SJ, Tiggemann M. Brief report: Self-objectification and esteem in young women: The mediating role of reasons for exercise. Sex Roles. 2003;48(1/2):89–95. doi:10.1023/A:1022300930307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordo S. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. University of California Press; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein M. Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach. 1st ed. New York: Psychology Press; 2011. doi:10.4324/9780203838020.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman E. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Harvard. Harvard University Press; 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Jimerson A, Rosenbaum J, Middlestadt S. Applying the behave framework. Presented at a Workshop on Strategic Planning for Behavior Change: Facilitators Guide. 2004; Washinton, DC: AED.
   Google Scholar
• Scheufele D. Framing as a theory of media effects. J Commun. 1999;49(1):103–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infanger M, Sczesny S. Communion-over-agency effects on advertising effectiveness. International Journal of Advertising. 2015;34(2):285–306. doi:10.1080/02650487.2014.993794.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz DS, Suh EJ, Desaulniers J. Situational influences on gender differences in agency and communion. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;66(4):753–761. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojciszke B, Abele AE. The primacy of communion over agency and its reversals in evaluations. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2008;38(7):1139–1147. doi:10.1002/ejsp.549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abele AE, Wojciszke B. Communal and agentic content in social cognition. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 50. Elsevier; 2014:195–255. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00004-7.
   Google Scholar
• Bakan D. The Duality of Human Existence: An Essay on Psychology and Religion. Chicago: Rand Mcnally; 1966.
   Google Scholar
• Aubrey JS. Looking good versus feeling good: An investigation of media frames of health advice and their effects on women’s body-related self-perceptions. Sex Roles. 2010;63(1–2):50–63. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9768-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry TR, Howe BL. The effects of exercise advertising on self-efficacy and decisional balance. Am J Health Behav. 2005;29(2):117–126. doi:10.5993/AJHB.29.2.3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabiston CM, Chandler K. Effects of fitness advertising on weight and body shape dissatisfaction, social physique anxiety, and exercise motives in a sample of healthy-weight females: Fitness advertising and body image. J Appl Biobehav Res. 2010;14(4):165–180. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9861.2010.00047.x.
   Google Scholar
• Willis LE, Knobloch-Westerwick S. Weighing women down: Messages on weight loss and body shaping in editorial content in popular women’s health and fitness magazines. Health Commun. 2014;29(4):323–331. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.755602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimmock JA, Jackson B, Clear SE, Law KH. Matching temporal frame to recipients’ time orientation in exercise messaging: Does argument quality matter? Psychol Sport Exerc. 2013;14(6):804–812. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan M, Ellison N, Lampe E, Lenhart A, Madden M. Social Media Site Usage 2014. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/01/09/social-media-update-2014/. Published January 9, 2015. Accessed November 20, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Segar M, Taber JM, Patrick H, Thai CL, Oh A. Rethinking physical activity communication: Using focus groups to understand women’s goals, values, and beliefs to improve public health. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):462. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4361-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan D. Successful Focus Groups: Advancing the State of the Art. SAGE Publications, Inc.; 1993. doi:10.4135/9781483349008.
   Google Scholar
• VERBI Software. MAXQDA. VERBI Software; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Segar ML, Eccles JS, Richardson CR. Rebranding exercise: Closing the gap between values and behavior. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8(1):94. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowe MA. Looking Good: College Women and Body Image, 1875-1930. JHU Press; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Kopcakova J, Veselska ZD, Geckova AM, Van Dijk JP, Reijneveld SA. Is being a boy and feeling fat a barrier for physical activity? The association between body image, gender and physical activity among adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(11):11167–11176. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuler PB, Broxon-Hutcherson A, Philipp SF, Ryan S, Isosaari RM, Robinson D. Body-shape perceptions in older adults and motivations for exercise. Percept Mot Skills. 2004;98(3 Pt 2):1251–1260. doi:10.2466/pms.98.3c.1251-1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswalt SB, Lederer AM, Chestnut-Steich K, Day C, Halbritter A, Ortiz D. Trends in college students’ mental health diagnoses and utilization of services, 2009–2015. J Am Coll Health. 2020;68(1):41–51. doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1515748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch DJ, Doerfler LA, Truong D. Mental health issues among college students: Who gets referred for psychopharmacology evaluation? J Am Coll Health. 2015;63(1):50–56. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.960423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingledew DK, Sullivan G. Effects of body mass and body image on exercise motives in adolescence. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2002;3(4):323–338. doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00029-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham A, Badmin N, Sneade I. Body image dissatisfaction: Gender differences in eating attitudes, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise. J Psychol. 2002;136(6):581–596. doi:10.1080/00223980209604820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz M, Dias S, Krug I, Richardson B, Fassnacht D. Motive- and appearance awareness-based explanations for body (dis)satisfaction following exercise in daily life. Br J Health Psychol. 2018;23(4):982–999. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prichard I, Tiggemann M. Relations among exercise type, self-objectification, and body image in the fitness centre environment: The role of reasons for exercise. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2008;9(6):855–866. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.10.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD. An integrated behavior change model for physical activity. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2014;42(2):62–69. doi:10.1249/JES.0000000000000008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Althoff T, Sosič R, Hicks JL, King AC, Delp SL, Leskovec J. Large-scale physical activity data reveal worldwide activity inequality. Nature 2017;547(7663):336–339. doi:10.1038/nature23018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson CC, Mazzeo SE. Skinny is not enough: A content analysis of fitspiration on pinterest. Health Commun. 2017;32(5):560–567. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1140273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci EL, Ryan RM. The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychol Inquiry. 2000;11(4):227–268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gorp B. The constructionist approach to framing: Bringing culture back in. J Commun. 2006;57(1):60–78. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00329.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar