527
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Campus climate and sense of belonging: Implications for the mental health outcomes of Asian American graduate students

, MSW, PhD (ABD)ORCID Icon, , PhDORCID Icon & , MSW, PhD (ABD)ORCID Icon
Received 01 May 2022, Accepted 30 Jan 2023, Published online: 28 Feb 2023

References

  • Evans TM, Bira L, Gastelum JB, Weiss LT, Vanderford NL. Evidence for a mental health crisis in graduate education. Nat Biotechnol. 2018;36(3):282–284. doi:10.1038/nbt.4089.
  • Flaherty C. New study says graduate students’ mental health is a “crisis”. Inside Higher Ed. 2018. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/03/06/new-study-says-graduate-students-mental-health-crisis
  • Lipson SK, Lattie EG, Eisenberg D. Increased rates of mental health service utilization by U.S. college students: 10-year population-level trends (2007–2017). Psychiatr Serv. 2019;70(1):60–63. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201800332.
  • American College Health Association (ACHA). Healthy Minds Study: Fall 2020 data report. 2020. https://healthymindsnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HMS-Fall-2020-National-Data-Report.pdf
  • Chirikoy I, Soria KM, Horgos B, Jones-White D. Undergraduate and Graduate Students’ Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Berkeley, CA: SERU Consortium, University of California - Berkeley and University of Minnesota; 2020. https://cshe.berkeley.edu/seru-covid-survey-reports
  • Forrester N. Mental health of graduate students sorely overlooked. Nature 2021;595(7865):135–137. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01751-z.
  • Lipson SK, Kern A, Eisenberg D, Breland-Noble AM. Mental health disparities among college students of color. J Adolesc Health. 2018;63(3):348–356. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.04.014.
  • Lipson S, Zhou S, Wagner B, Beck K, Eisenberg D. Major differences: variations in undergraduate and graduate student mental health and service utilization across academic disciplines. J Coll Stud Psychother. 2016;30(1):23–41. doi:10.1080/87568225.2016.1105657.
  • Levecque K, Anseel F, De Beuckelaer A, Van der Heyden J, Gisle L. Work organization and mental health problems in PhD students. Res Policy. 2017;46(4):868–879. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2017.02.008.
  • Sverdlik A, Hall NC. Not just a phase: exploring the role of program stage on well-being and motivation in doctoral students. J Adult Contin Educ. 2020;26(1):97–124. doi:10.1177/1477971419842887.
  • Council of Graduate Schools, & The Jed Foundation. Supporting graduate student mental health and well-being: Evidence-informed recommendations for the graduate community. 2021. https://jedfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/CGS-JED-Grad-Student-Mental-Health-Report.pdf
  • Yusuf JE, Saitgalina M, Chapman DW. Work-life balance and well-being of graduate students. J Public Aff Educ. 2020;26(4):458–483. doi:10.1080/15236803.2020.1771990.
  • Rigg J, Day J, Adler H. Emotional exhaustion in graduate students: the role of engagement, self-efficacy and social support. JEDP. 2013;3(2):138. doi:10.5539/jedp.v3n2p138.
  • Curtin N, Stewart AJ, Ostrove JM. Fostering academic self-concept: advisor support and sense of belonging among international and domestic graduate students. Am Educ Res J. 2013;50(1):108–137. doi:10.3102/0002831212446662.
  • Breslau J, Kendler KS, Su M, Gaxiola-Aguilar S, Kessler RC. Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States. Psychol Med. 2005;35(3):317–327. doi:10.1017/S0033291704003514.
  • Takeuchi DT, Zane N, Hong S, et al. Immigration-related factors and mental disorders among Asian Americans. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(1):84–90. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.088401.
  • Sue S, Yan Cheng JK, Saad CS, Chu JP. Asian American mental health: a call to action. Am Psychol. 2012;67(7):532–544. doi:10.1037/a0028900.
  • Lee SY, Martins SS, Lee HB. Mental disorders and mental health service use across Asian American subethnic groups in the United States. Community Ment Health J. 2015;51(2):153–160. doi:10.1007/s10597-014-9749-0.
  • Chen JA, Stevens C, Wong S, Liu CH. Psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses among US college students: a comparison by race and ethnicity. Psychiatr Serv. 2019;70(6):442–449. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201800388.
  • Chu JP, Sue S. Asian American mental health: what we know and what we don’t know. Online Read Psychol Cult. 2011;3(1):2307–0919. doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1026.
  • Hwang WC, Goto S. The impact of perceived racial discrimination on the mental health of Asian American and Latino college students. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2008;14(4):326–335. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.14.4.326.
  • Kim PY, Kendall DL, Cheon HS. Racial microaggressions, cultural mistrust, and mental health outcomes among Asian American college students. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2017;87(6):663–670. doi:10.1037/ort0000203.
  • Sanchez D, Adams WN, Arango SC, Flannigan AE. Racial-ethnic microaggressions, coping strategies, and mental health in Asian American and Latinx American college students: a mediation model. J Couns Psychol. 2018;65(2):214–225. doi:10.1037/cou0000249.
  • Gee CB, Khera GS, Poblete AT, Kim B, Buchwach SY. Barriers to mental health service use in Asian American and European American College students. Asian Am J Psychol. 2020;11(2):98–107. doi:10.1037/aap0000178.
  • Leong FTL, Kim HHW, Gupta A. Attitudes toward professional counseling among Asian-American college students: acculturation, conceptions of mental illness, and loss of face. Asian Am J Psychol. 2011;2(2):140–153. doi:10.1037/a0024172.
  • Masuda A, Boone MS. Mental health stigma, self-concealment, and help-seeking attitudes among Asian American and European American college students with no help-seeking experience. Int J Adv Counselling. 2011;33(4):266–279. doi:10.1007/s10447-011-9129-1.
  • Han M, Pong H. Mental health help-seeking behaviors among Asian American community college students: the effect of stigma, cultural barriers, and acculturation. J Coll Stud Dev. 2015;56(1):1–14. doi:10.1353/csd.2015.0001.
  • Tummala-Narra P, Li Z, Chang J, et al. Developmental and contextual correlates of mental health and help-seeking among Asian American college students. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2018;88(6):636–649. doi:10.1037/ort0000317.
  • Cress CM, Ikeda EK. Distress under duress: the relationship between campus climate and depression in Asian American college students. NASPA J. 2003;40(2):74–97. doi:10.2202/0027-6014.1224.
  • Hurtado S, Carter DF. Effects of college transition and perceptions of the campus racial climate on Latino college students’ sense of belonging. Sociol Educ. 1997;70(4):324–345. doi:10.2307/2673270.
  • Hurtado S, Ponjuan L. Latino educational outcomes and the campus climate. J Hisp High Educ. 2005;4(3):235–251. doi:10.1177/1538192705276548.
  • Mounts NS. Contributions of parenting and campus climate to freshmen adjustment in a multiethnic sample. J Adolesc Res. 2004;19(4):468–491. doi:10.1177/0743558403258862.
  • Shalka TR, Leal CC. Sense of belonging for college students with PTSD: the role of safety, stigma, and campus climate. J Am Coll Health. 2020;70(3):1–8. doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1762608.
  • Hastings RP, Brown T. Behavior problems of children with autism, parental self-efficacy, and mental health. Am J Mental Retard. 2002;107(3):222–232. doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107.
  • Vesga-López O, Schneier FR, Wang S, et al. Gender differences in generalized anxiety disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(10):1606–1616. doi:10.4088/JCP.v69n1011.
  • Bhatia S, Dey S. Gender differences in depressive symptoms: the role of daily hassles, coping styles, social support and personal mastery. J Indian Acad Appl Psychol. 2011;37(1):86–97.
  • Xu Y, Schneier F, Heimberg RG, et al. Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: results from the national epidemiologic sample on alcohol and related conditions. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26(1):12–19. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.006.
  • de la Fuente R, Parra Á, Sánchez-Queija I, Lizaso I. Flourishing during emerging adulthood from a gender perspective. J Happiness Stud. 2020;21(8):2889–2908. doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00204-9.
  • Roberts R, Golding J, Towell T, Weinreb I. The effects of economic circumstances on British students’ mental and physical health. J Am Coll Health. 1999;48(3):103–109. doi:10.1080/07448489909595681.
  • Roberts R, Golding J, Towell T, et al. Mental and physical health in students: the role of economic circumstances. Br J Health Psychol. 2000;5(3):289–297. doi:10.1348/135910700168928.
  • Andrews B, Wilding JM. The relation of depression and anxiety to life-stress and achievement in students. Br J Psychol. 2004;95(Pt 4):509–521. doi:10.1348/0007126042369802.
  • Carney C, McNeish S, McColl J. The impact of part time employment on students’ health and academic performance: a Scottish perspective. J Further High Educ. 2005;29(4):307–319. doi:10.1080/03098770500353300.
  • Cooke R, Barkham M, Audin K, Bradley M, Davy J. Student debt and its relation to student mental health. J Further High Educ. 2004;28(1):53–66. doi:10.1080/0309877032000161814.
  • Jessop DC, Herberts C, Solomon L. The impact of financial circumstances on student health. Br J Health Psychol. 2005;10(Pt 3):421–439. doi:10.1348/135910705X25480.
  • Richardson T, Elliott P, Roberts R, Jansen M. A longitudinal study of financial difficulties and mental health in a national sample of British undergraduate students. Community Ment Health J. 2017;53(3):344–352. doi:10.1007/s10597-016-0052-0.
  • Almy A. An examination of Social Supports During Graduate School and How They Moderate Stressor, Anxiety, Depression, and Flourishing and Positive Well-Being [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State University, Stillwater; 2020.
  • Hutchinson SR, Raymond KJ, Black KR. Factorial invariance of a campus climate measure across race, gender, and student classification. J Divers High Educ. 2008;1(4):235–250. doi:10.1037/a0014419.
  • Rankin S. Campus climate for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered students, faculty, and staff: Assessment and strategies for change. In: Sanlo R, ed. Working with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual College Students: A Guide for Administrators and Faculty. Westport, CT: Greenwood; 1998:277–284.
  • Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–1097. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
  • Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. JAMA 1999;282(18):1737–1744. doi:10.1001/jama.282.18.1737.
  • Diener E, Wirtz D, Tov W, et al. New well-being measures: short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Soc Indic Res. 2010;97(2):143–156. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y.
  • Senol-Durak E, Durak M. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the flourishing scale and the scale of positive and negative experience. Ment. Health Relig Cult. 2019;22(10):1021–1032. doi:10.1080/13674676.2019.1689548.
  • George D, Mallery P. IBM SPSS Statistics 23 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. 14th ed. New York, NY: Routledge; 2016.
  • Arbuckle JL. Amos 27.0 User’s Guide. Chicago, IL: IBM SPSS; 2014.
  • Preacher KJ, Kelley K. Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychol Methods. 2011;16(2):93–115. doi:10.1037/a0022658.
  • Lee DL, Ahn S. Racial discrimination and Asian mental health: a meta-analysis. Couns Psychol. 2011;39(3):463–489. doi:10.1177/0011000010381791.
  • Donovan RA, Huynh QL, Park IJK, Kim SY, Lee RM, Robertson E. Relationships among identity, perceived discrimination, and depressive symptoms in eight ethnic-generational groups. J Clin Psychol. 2013;69(4):397–414. doi:10.1002/jclp.21936.
  • Zhou S, Banawa R, Oh H. The mental health impact of COVID-19 racial and ethnic discrimination against Asian American and Pacific Islanders. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:708426. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.708426.
  • Maramba DC, Palmer RT. The impact of cultural validation on the college experiences of Southeast Asian American Students. J Coll Stud Dev. 2014;55(6):515–530. doi:10.1353/csd.2014.0054.
  • Lipson SK, Zhou S, Abelson S, et al. Trends in college student mental health and help-seeking by race/ethnicity: findings from the national healthy minds study, 2013–2021. J Affect Disord. 2022;306:138–147. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.038.
  • Milem J. The educational benefits of diversity: evidence from multiple sectors. In: Chang M, Witt D, Jones J, Hakuta K, eds. Compelling Interest: Examining the Evidence on Racial Dynamics in Higher Education. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 2003: 126–169.
  • National Center for Institutional Diversity. Addressing Asian American/Pacific Islander college students’ mental health needs. 2022. https://medium.com/national-center-for-institutional-diversity/addressing-asian-american-pacific-islander-college-students-mental-health-needs-4413a55f49b7
  • Choi S, Weng S, Park H, et al. Sense of belonging, racial microaggressions, and depressive symptoms among students of Asian descent in the United States. Smith Coll Stud Social Work. 2021;91(2):115–141. doi:10.1080/00377317.2021.1882922.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.