A theory-based exploration of psychosocial factors influencing concussion health seeking intentions in college students

References

• Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Thomas KE. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvořák J, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 5 th International Conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):838–847. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruff R. Two decades of advances in understanding of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2005;20(1):5–18. doi:10.1097/00001199-200501000-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraas MR, Burchiel J. A systematic review of education programmes to prevent concussion in rugby union. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(8):1212–1218. doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1170207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroshus E, Baugh CM. Concussion education in US collegiate sport: what is happening and what do athletes want? Health Educ Behav. 2016;43(2):182–190. doi:10.1177/1090198115599380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrea M, Hammeke T, Olsen G, Leo P, Guskiewicz K. Unreported concussion in high school football players: implications for prevention. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(1):13–17. doi:10.1097/00042752-200401000-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson M, Petit KM, Wallace J, Covassin T, Beidler E. Knowledge of concussion and reporting behaviors in high school athletes with or without access to an athletic trainer. J Athl Train. 2021;56(2):157–163. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.07.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Escolas SM, Luton M, Ferdosi H, Chavez BD, Engel SD. Traumatic brain injuries: unreported and untreated in an army population. Mil Med. 2020;185(Suppl 1):154–160. doi:10.1093/milmed/usz259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemek RL, Farion KJ, Sampson M, McGahern C. Prognosticators of persistent symptoms following pediatric concussion: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(3):259–265. doi:10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerbraun NS, Atabaki S, Collins MW, Thomas D, Gioia GA. Use of modified acute concussion evaluation tools in the emergency department. Pediatrics 2014;133(4):635–642. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resch JE, Brown CN, Macciocchi SN, Cullum CM, Blueitt D, Ferrara MS. A preliminary formula to predict timing of symptom resolution for collegiate athletes diagnosed with sport concussion. J Athl Train. 2015;50(12):1292–1298. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-50.12.03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Peloso PM, et al. Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO collaborating centre task force on mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Med. 2004;43(43 Suppl):84–105. doi:10.1080/16501960410023859.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg MA, Meehan WP, Mannix R. Duration and course of post-concussive symptoms. Pediatrics 2014;133(6):999–1006. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machamer J, Temkin N, Dikmen S, et al. Symptom frequency and persistence in the first year after traumatic brain injury: A TRACK-TBI Study. J Neurotrauma. 2022;39(5–6):358–370. doi:10.1089/neu.2021.0348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childers C, Hux K. Invisible injuries: The experiences of college students with histories of mild traumatic brain injury. J Postsecond Educ Disabil. 2016;29(4):389–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iadevaia C, Roiger T, Zwart MB. Qualitative examination of adolescent health-related quality of life at 1 year postconcussion. J Athl Train. 2015;50(11):1182–1189. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-50.11.02.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau MS, Langdon JL, Buckley TA. The lived experience of an in-season concussion amongst NCAA division I student-athletes. Int J Exerc Sci. 2014;7(1):62–74.
   Google Scholar
• Snell D, Martin R, Surgenor L, Siegert R, Hay-Smith E. What’s wrong with me? seeking a coherent understanding of recovery after mild traumatic brain injury. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(19):1968–1975. doi:10.1080/09638288.2016.1213895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg ND, Iaccarino MA, Panenka WJ, et al. Management of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury: A synthesis of practice guidelines. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;101(2):382–393. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2019.10.179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson MN, Lempke LB, Johnson RS, Lynall RC, Schmidt JD. Concussion characteristics and early postinjury outcomes between college students and intercollegiate athletes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;103(2):323–330. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.09.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Dev Perspect. 2007;1(2):68–73. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett JJ, Žukauskienė R, Sugimura K. The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: implications for mental health. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(7):569–576. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knollman-Porter K, Brown J, Flynn M. A preliminary examination of concussion knowledge by collegiate athletes and non-athletes. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2018;27(2):778–795. doi:10.1044/2018_AJSLP-17-0108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50(2):179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen I. Martin Fishbein’s legacy: The reasoned action approach. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci. 2012;640(1):11–27. doi:10.1177/0002716211423363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum AM, Arnett PA. The development of a survey to examine knowledge about and attitudes toward concussion in high-school students. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010;32(1):44–55. doi:10.1080/13803390902806535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Register-Mihalik JK, Linnan LA, Marshall SW, McLeod TCV, Mueller FO, Guskiewicz KM. Using theory to understand high school aged athletes’ intentions to report sport-related concussion: Implications for concussion education initiatives. Brain Inj. 2013;27(7–8):878–886. doi:10.3109/02699052.2013.775508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Register-Mihalik JK, Williams RM, Marshall SW, et al. Demographic, parental, and personal factors and youth athletes’ concussion-related knowledge and beliefs. J Athl Train. 2018;53(8):768–775. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-223-17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Register-Mihalik JK, Cameron KL, Kay MC, et al. Determinants of intention to disclose concussion symptoms in a population of US military cadets. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(5):509–515. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions. Human Behav and Emerg Tech. 2020;2(4):314–324. doi:10.1002/hbe2.195.
   Google Scholar
• Warmath D, Winterstein AP. Reporting skill: the missing ingredient in concussion reporting intention assessment. Sports Health. 2019;11(5):416–424. doi:10.1177/1941738119856609.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beidler E, Wallace J, Alghwiri AA, O’Connor S. Collegiate athletes’ concussion awareness, understanding, and-reporting behaviors in different countries with varying concussion publicity. J Athl Train. 2021;56(1):77–84. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0575.19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor S, Geaney D, Beidler E. Non-disclosure in Irish collegiate student-athletes: do concussion history, knowledge, pressure to play and gender impact concussion reporting? Phys Sportsmed. 2020;48(2):186–193. doi:10.1080/00913847.2019.1671141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrisman SP, Quitiquit C, Rivara FP. Qualitative study of barriers to concussive symptom reporting in high school athletics. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52(3):330–335.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.10.271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioia GA, Collins M, Isquith PK. Improving identification and diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury with evidence: psychometric support for the acute concussion evaluation. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008;23(4):230–242. doi:10.1097/01.HTR.0000327255.38881.ca.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valovich TC, Perrin DH, Gansneder BM. Repeat administration elicits a practice effect with the balance error scoring system but not with the standardized assessment of concussion in high school athletes. J Athl Train. 2003;38(1):51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glang AE, Koester MC, Chesnutt JC, et al. The effectiveness of a web-based resource in improving postconcussion management in high schools. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(1):91–97. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sye G, Sullivan SJ, McCrory P. High school rugby players’ understanding of concussion and return to play guidelines. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(12):1003–1005. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.020511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beidler E, Bretzin AC, Hanock C, Covassin T. Sport-related concussion: knowledge and reporting behaviors among collegiate club-sport athletes. J Athl Train. 2018;53(9):866–872. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-266-17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedor A, Gunstad J. Limited knowledge of concussion symptoms in college athletes. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2015;22(2):108–113. doi:10.1080/23279095.2013.860604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt TN. Video educational intervention improves reporting of concussion and symptom recognition. Athl Train Educ J. 2015;10(1):65–74. doi:10.4085/100165.
   Google Scholar
• Kurowski B, Pomerantz WJ, Schaiper C, Gittelman MA. Factors that influence concussion knowledge and self-reported attitudes in high school athletes. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77(3 Suppl 1):S12–S17. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000000316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod TCV, Schwartz C, Bay RC. Sport-related concussion misunderstandings among youth coaches. Clin J Sport Med. 2007;17(2):140–142. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31803212ae.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lempke LB, Weber Rawlins ML, Lynall RC, Schmidt JD. The influence of concussion knowledge on reporting intentions in collegiate student-athletes. Athl Train Sports Health Care. 2020;12(5):210–220. doi:10.3928/19425864-20190618-01.
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein M, Cappella JN. The role of theory in developing effective health communications. J Commun. 2006;56(suppl_1):S1–S17. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00280.x.
   Google Scholar
• Breck J, Bohr A, Poddar S, McQueen MB, Casault T. Characteristics and incidence of concussion among a US collegiate undergraduate population. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1917626. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroshus E, Baugh CM, Daneshvar DH, Viswanath K. Understanding concussion reporting using a model based on the theory of planned behavior. J Adolesc Health. 2014;54(3):269–274.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George D, Mallery P. IBM SPSS Statistics 26 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. New York, NY: Routledge; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Francis J, Eccles MP, Johnston M, et al. Constructing questionnaires based on the theory of planned behaviour: A manual for health services researchers. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Centre for Health Services Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Montano DE, Taplin S. Theory in health promotion practice and research. In DiClemente RJ, Crosby RA, Kegler MC, eds. Emerging Theories in Health Promotion Practice and Research. Jossey-Bass/Wiley; 1996:67–98.
   Google Scholar
• Kneavel M, Ernst W. Cognitions that support concussion reporting in collegiate athletes: An analysis of a worksheet activity. Health Educ Behav. 2022;49(3):548–559. doi:10.1177/10901981211046535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinlay A, Bishop A, McLellan T. Public knowledge of “concussion” and the different terminology used to communicate about mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Brain Inj. 2011;25(7–8):761–766. doi:10.3109/02699052.2011.579935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schellinger SK, Munson B, Kennedy MRT. Public perceptions of traumatic brain injury: predictors of knowledge and the effects of education. Brain Inj. 2018;32(11):1377–1385. doi:10.1080/02699052.2018.1492737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien KH, Schellinger SK, Hwang BL, LaPlaca MC. A comparison of student and parent knowledge and perceived confidence about brain injury and concussion. Top Lang Disord. 2019;39(3):313–334. doi:10.1097/TLD.0000000000000190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cournoyer J, Tripp BL. Concussion knowledge in high school football players. J Athl Train. 2014;49(5):654–658. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy KS, Kneavel M, Ernst W. Psychometric properties of concussion knowledge and cognitive mediators of reporting measures. Brain Inj. 2021;35(10):1210–1217. doi:10.1080/02699052.2021.1959064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreer LE, Crowley MT, Cash A, O’Neill JA, Cox MK. Examination of teacher knowledge, dissemination preferences, and classroom management of student concussions: Implications for return-to-learn protocols. Health Promot Pract. 2017;18(3):428–436. doi:10.1177/1524839916650865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faure C. Creating concussion management policy: how school leaders, coaches and parents can work together to ensure kids stay safer in sport. Am Second Educ. 2010;39:5–14.
   Google Scholar
• Sarmiento K, Hoffman R, Dmitrovsky Z, Lee R. A 10-year review of the centers for disease control and prevention’s heads up initiatives: Bringing concussion awareness to the forefront. J Safety Res. 2014;50:143–147. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2014.05.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber Rawlins ML, Johnson RS, Schmidt JD, Lynall RC, O’Brien KH, Welch Bacon CE. University educators’ perceptions of academic adjustments following a concussion for student-athletes and non-student-athletes [published online ahead of print, 2022 Aug 9]. J Am Coll Health. 2022:1–9. doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2108324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seabury SA, Gaudette É, Goldman DP, et al. Assessment of follow-up care after emergency department presentation for mild traumatic brain injury and concussion: results from the TRACK-TBI study. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(1):e180210. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittenberg W, Tremont G, Zielinski RE, Fichera S, Rayls KR. Cognitive-behavioral prevention of postconcussion syndrome. Neurosurgery 1996;11(2):139–145. doi:https://academic.oup.com/acn/article-abstract/11/2/139/1521
   Google Scholar
• Scopaz KA, Hatzenbuehler JR. Risk modifiers for concussion and prolonged recovery. Sports Health. 2013;5(6):537–541. doi:10.1177/1941738112473059.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meehan WP, Mannix RC, O’Brien MJ, Collins MW. The prevalence of undiagnosed concussions in athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23(5):339–342. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e318291d3b3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagle SR, Puligilla A, Fazio-Sumrok V, Kegel N, Collins MW, Kontos AP. Association of time to initial clinic visit with prolonged recovery in pediatric patients with concussion. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2020;26(2):165–170. doi:10.3171/2020.2.PEDS2025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontos AP, Jorgensen-Wagers K, Trbovich AM, et al. Association of time since injury to the first clinic visit with recovery following concussion. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(4):435–440. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resch JE, McCrea MA, Cullum CM. Computerized neurocognitive testing in the management of sport-related concussion: an update. Neuropsychol Rev. 2013;23(4):335–349. doi:10.1007/s11065-013-9242-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMatteo C, McCauley D, Stazyk K, et al. Post-concussion return to play and return to school guidelines for children and youth: a scoping methodology. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(12):1107–1112. doi:10.3109/09638288.2014.952452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon KG, Drezner J, Gammons M, et al. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23(1):1–18. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31827f5f93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas DG, Apps JN, Hoffmann RG, McCrea M, Hammeke T. Benefits of strict rest after acute concussion: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2015;135(2):213–223. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acord-Vira A. Returning to the classroom following sport-related concussion: perspectives of college student athletes. JPED. 2017;32(1):35–48.
   Google Scholar
• Takagi-Stewart J, Johnson AM, Smith MB, et al. Physician recommended school accommodations and student outcomes following a mild traumatic brain injury among youth with persistent post-concussive symptoms. Neurorehabilitation 2022;50(4):467–476. doi:10.3233/NRE-210324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp AM, O’Brien KH. Critical elements of return to learn for students with concussion: A scoping review. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2022;37(2):E113–E128. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pei Y, Kemp AM, O’Brien KH. Investigating the student in returning to learn after concussion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sch Health. 2023;93(7):594–620. doi:10.1111/josh.13307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caron JG, Bloom GA, Falcão WR, Sweet SN. An examination of concussion education programmes: a scoping review methodology. Inj Prev. 2015;21(5):301–308. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echlin PS, Tator CH, Cusimano MD, et al. A prospective study of physician-observed concussions during junior ice hockey: implications for incidence rates. FOC. 2010;29(5):E4. doi:10.3171/2010.9.FOCUS10186.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt JD, Weber ML, Suggs DW, et al. Improving concussion reporting across national college athletic association divisions using a theory-based, data-driven, multimedia concussion education intervention. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(4):593–599. doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst W, Kneavel ME. Development of a peer education program to improve concussion knowledge and reporting in collegiate athletes. J Athl Train. 2020;55(5):448–455. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-212-19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kneavel ME, Ernst W, McCarthy KS. Randomized controlled trial of a novel peer concussion-education program for collegiate athletes. J Athl Train. 2020;55(5):456–468. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0182.19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar