Psychometric properties, stability, and predictive validity of the Korean version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PG-13-K): A longitudinal study among bereaved Koreans

References

• Andrews, P. W., Altman, M., Sevcikova, M., & Cacciatore, J. (2021). An evolutionary approach to grief-related rumination: Construction and validation of the Bereavement Analytical Rumination Questionnaire. Evolution and Human Behavior, 42(5), 441–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. (2020). Symptoms of prolonged grief, posttraumatic stress, and depression in recently bereaved people: Symptom profiles, predictive value, and cognitive behavioural correlates. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(6), 765–777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01776-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2007). The influence of symptoms of prolonged grief disorder, depression, and anxiety on quality of life among bereaved adults: A prospective study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257(8), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-007-0744-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen, P. A., van de Schoot, R., van den Hout, M. A., de Keijser, J., & van den Bout, J. (2010). Prolonged Grief Disorder, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder are distinguishable syndromes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125(1–3), 374–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson, N., Alvariza, A., Bremer, A., Axelsson, L., & Årestedt, K. (2021). Symptoms of prolonged grief and self-reported health among bereaved family members of persons who died from sudden cardiac arrest. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211018115
   Google Scholar
• Cerel, J., Fristad, M. A., Weller, E. B., & Weller, R. A. (2000). Suicide-bereaved children and adolescents: II. Parental and family functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(4), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200004000-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerel, J., Padgett, J. H., Conwell, Y., & Reed, G. A. (2009). A call for research: The need to better understand the impact of support groups for suicide survivors. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 39(3), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2009.39.3.269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae, J. H., Huh, H. J., & Choi, W. J. (2018). Embitterment and bereavement: The Sewol ferry accident example. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 10(1), 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F. F., Hayes, A., Carver, C. S., Laurenceau, J.-P., & Zhang, Z. (2012). Modeling general and specific variance in multifaceted constructs: A comparison of the bifactor model to other approaches. Journal of Personality, 80(1), 219–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00739.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R. (2000). The Brief Symptom Inventory–18 (BSI-18): Administration, scoring and procedures manual. National Computer Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Djelantik, A. M. J., Smid, G. E., Mroz, A., Kleber, R. J., & Boelen, P. A. (2020). The prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in bereaved individuals following unnatural losses: Systematic review and meta regression analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd, P., McEvoy, J., Lockhart, K., Burke, T., O'Keeffe, L., & Guerin, S. (2021). An exploratory study of self-reported complicated grief symptoms in parentally bereaved adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 65(4), 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigelman, W., Cerel, J., Sheehan, L., & Oexle, N. (2021). Using multiple regression analyses to uncover patterns of correlates of grief problems, depression and suicidal ideation among suicide bereaved individuals. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211024812
   Google Scholar
• Gang, J., Falzarano, F., She, W. J., Winoker, H., & Prigerson, H. G. (2022). Are deaths from COVID-19 associated with higher rates of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) than deaths from other causes? Death Studies, 46(6), 1287–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2022.2039326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden, A. M. J., & Dalgleish, T. (2010). Is prolonged grief distinct from bereavement-related posttraumatic stress? Psychiatry Research, 178(2), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.08.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goveas, J. S., & Shear, M. K. (2020). Grief and the COVID-19 pandemic in older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(10), 1119–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.06.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillemin, F., Bombardier, C., & Beaton, D. E. (1993). Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: Literature review and proposed guidelines. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46(12), 1417–1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90142-N
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamid, W., & Jahangir, M. S. (2020). Dying, death and mourning amid COVID-19 pandemic in Kashmir: A qualitative study. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820953708
   Google Scholar
• He, L., Tang, S., Yu, W., Xu, W., Xie, Q., & Wang, J. (2014). The prevalence, comorbidity and risks of prolonged grief disorder among bereaved Chinese adults. Psychiatry Research, 219(2), 347–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2010). An examination of stage theory of grief among individuals bereaved by natural and violent causes: A meaning-oriented contribution. Omega, 61(2), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.61.2.b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2011). Separation and traumatic distress in prolonged grief: The role of cause of death and relationship to the deceased. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(2), 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-010-9214-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Işıklı, S., Keser, E., Prigerson, H. G., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2020). Validation of the prolonged grief scale (PG-13) and investigation of the prevalence and risk factors of prolonged grief disorder in Turkish bereaved samples. Death Studies, 46(3), 628–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1745955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, H. S., & Lee, D. H. (2017). Korean Version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PG-13-K): A validation study. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 29(4), 1027–1052. https://doi.org/10.23844/kjcp.2017.11.29.4.1027
   Google Scholar
• Kaplow, J. B., Howell, K. H., & Layne, C. M. (2014). Do circumstances of the death matter? Identifying socioenvironmental risks for grief-related psychopathology in bereaved youth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. J., Lee, M.-S., Hong, S.-B., Huh, J. W., Do, K.-H., Jang, S. J., Lim, C.-M., Chae, E. J., Lee, H., Jung, M., Park, Y.-J., Park, J.-H., Kwon, G.-Y., Gwack, J., Youn, S.-K., Kwon, J.-W., Yang, B.-G., Jun, B.-Y., Kim, Y., … Koh, Y. (2014). A cluster of lung injury cases associated with home humidifier use: An epidemiological investigation. Thorax, 69(8), 703–708. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kristensen, P., Weisæth, L., & Heir, T. (2012). Bereavement and mental health after sudden and violent losses: A review. Psychiatry, 75(1), 76–97. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2012.75.1.76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham, A. E., & Prigerson, H. G. (2004). Suicidality and bereavement: complicated grief as psychiatric disorder presenting greatest risk for suicidality. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 34(4), 350–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. H., Gu, M., Kwon, W., & Kim, S. (2020). A study on reliability and validity of the Korean Version of PCL-5 (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5) for adults. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 32(2), 559–582. https://doi.org/10.23844/kjcp.2020.05.32.2.559
   Google Scholar
• Lee, D. H., & Neimeyer, M. (2020). Pandemic Grief Scale: A screening tool for dysfunctional grief due to a COVID-19 loss. Death Studies, 46(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1853885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciejewski, P. K., Maercker, A., Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2016). “Prolonged grief disorder” and “persistent complex bereavement disorder”, but not “complicated grief”, are one and the same diagnostic entity: An analysis of data from the Yale Bereavement Study. World Psychiatry, 15(3), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. L. Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Melhem, N. M., Day, N., Shear, M. K., Day, R., Reynolds, III., C. F., & Brent, D. (2004). Traumatic grief among adolescents exposed to a peer's suicide. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1411–1416. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2021). White paper on suicide prevention. Korean Government. https://policy.nl.go.kr/search/searchDetail.do?rec_key=SH2_PLC20210267548
   Google Scholar
• Musaph, H. (1990). Anniversary reaction as a symptom of grief in traumatized persons. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 27(3), 175–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima, S., Masaya, I., Akemi, S., & Takako, K. (2012). Complicated grief in those bereaved by violent death: the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder on complicated grief. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 14(2), 210–214. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/snakajima
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neimeyer, R. A., & Lee, S. A. (2022). Circumstances of the death and associated risk factors for severity and impairment of COVID-19 grief. Death Studies, 46(1), 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1896459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts versus suicide gestures: Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(3), 616–623. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, M., Lasgaard, M., Shevlin, M., & Guldin, M.-B. (2010). A confirmatory factor analysis of combined models of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Inventory of Complicated Grief-Revised: Are we measuring complicated grief or posttraumatic stress? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(7), 672–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otani, H., Yoshida, S., Morita, T., Aoyama, M., Kizawa, Y., Shima, Y., Tsuneto, S., & Miyashita, M. (2017). Meaningful communication before death, but not present at the time of death itself, is associated with better outcomes on measures of depression and complicated grief among bereaved family members of cancer patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 54(3), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, K. P., Woo, S. W., & Chang, M. S. (2012). Validational Study of Brief Symptoms Inventory-18(BSI-18) in college students. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(2), 507–521. https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001663397
   Google Scholar
• Pohlkamp, L., Kreicbergs, U., Prigerson, H. G., & Sveen, J. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 (PG-13) in bereaved Swedish parents. Psychiatry Research, 267, 560–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohlkamp, L., Kreicbergs, U., & Sveen, J. (2019). Bereaved mothers' and fathers' prolonged grief and psychological health 1 to 5 years after loss-A nationwide study. Psycho-oncology, 28(7), 1530–1536. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigerson, H. G., Bierhals, A. J., Kasl, S. V., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, Shear, M. K., Day, N., Beery, L. C., Newsom, J. T., & Jacobs, S. (1997). Traumatic grief as a risk factor for mental and physical morbidity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(5), 616–623. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.5.616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigerson, H. G., Boelen, P. A., Xu, J., Smith, K. V., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2021). Validation of the new DSM‐5‐TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG‐13‐Revised (PG‐13‐R) scale. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., Marwit, S. J., Wortman, C., Neimeyer, R. A., Bonanno, G., Block, S. D., Kissane, D., Boelen, P., Maercker, A., Litz, B. T., Johnson, J. G., First, P. K., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6(8), e1000121–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostila, M., Saarela, J., Kawachi, I., & Hjern, A. (2015). Testing the anniversary reaction: Causal effects of bereavement in a nationwide follow-up study from Sweden. European Journal of Epidemiology, 30(3), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-9989-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe, M., Schut, H. A., & Finkenauer, C. (2001). The traumatization of grief? A conceptual framework for understanding the trauma-bereavement interface. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 38(3–4), 185–201. https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/384096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sveen, J., Bondjers, K., Heinsoo, J., & Arnberg, F. K. (2020). Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 (PG-13) in a bereaved mixed trauma sample. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 541789–541788. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.541789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Tal, I., Mauro, C., Reynolds, C. F., III, Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Lebowitz, B., Skritskaya, N., Wang, Y., Qiu, X., Iglewicz, A., Glorioso, D., Avanzino, J., Wetherell, J. L., Karp, J. F., Robinaugh, D., & Zisook, S. (2017). Complicated grief after suicide bereavement and other causes of death. Death Studies, 41(5), 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2016.1265028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K., Hudson, P., Trauer, T., Remedios, C., & Clarke, D. (2014). Risk factors for developing prolonged grief during bereavement in family carers of cancer patients in palliative care: A longitudinal study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 47(3), 531–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.05.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, W. (2012). Long term follow up of suicide in a clinically depressed community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 139(1), 52–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, W. I., Wen, F. H., Kuo, S. C., Prigerson, H. G., Chou, W. C., Shen, W. C., & Tang, S. T. (2020). Symptoms of prolonged grief and major depressive disorders: Distinctiveness and temporal relationship in the first 2 years of bereavement for family caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients. Psycho-oncology, 29(4), 751–758. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov.
   Google Scholar
• Yoo, S., Sim, M., Choi, J., Jeon, K., Shin, J., Chung, S., Hong, S. B., Lee, S. Y., & Hong, S. J. (2019). Psychological responses among humidifier disinfectant disaster victims and their families. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 34(4), e29–6. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, S., Han, Y., Lee, S., Lee, E., Lee, J., Im, S., & Yang, E. (2020). The grief experience of suicide survivors: A qualitative meta-summary. The Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 39(4), 571–597. https://doi.org/10.22257/kjp.2020.12.39.4.571
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, J., Cho, H. J., Lee, E., Choi, Y. J., Kim, Y. H., Lee, J. L., Lee, Y. J., & Hong, S. J. (2017). Rate of humidifier and humidifier disinfectant usage in Korean children: A nationwide epidemiologic study. Environmental Research, 155, 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Shang, Z., Wu, L., Sun, Z., Zhang, F., Sun, L., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., & Liu, W. (2020). Prolonged grief disorder in Chinese Shidu parents who have lost their only child. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1726071. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1726071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar