Understanding public reactions to state security officials’ suicide cases in online news comments

References

• Ahmadian, S., Khaghanizadeh, M., Khaleghi, E., Zarghami, M. H., & Ebadi, A. (2020). Stressors experienced by the family members of brain-dead people during the process of organ donation: A qualitative study. Death Studies, 44(12), 759–770. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2019.1609137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baines, A., Ittefaq, M., & Abwao, M. (2021). #Scamdemic, #Plandemic, or #Scaredemic: What parler social media platform tells us about COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccines, 9(5), 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee, D. (2020). ‘All that followed a death’: An alleged celebrity suicide, media discourse and mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 002076402098557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020985572
   Google Scholar
• Belik, S. L., Stein, M. B., Asmundson, G. J., & Sareen, J. (2009). Relation between traumatic events and suicide attempts in Canadian military personnel. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 54(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergström, A., & Wadbring, I. (2015). Beneficial yet crappy: Journalists and audiences on obstacles and opportunities in reader comments. European Journal of Communication, 30(2), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323114559378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(3), 554–559. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517441113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhungel, B., Sugai, M. K., & Gilmour, S. (2019). Trends in suicide mortality by method from 1979 to 2016 in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskin, M., Poyrazli, S., Janghorbani, M., Bakhshi, S., Carta, M. G., Moro, M. F., Tran, U. S., Voracek, M., Mechri, A., Aidoudi, K., Hamdan, M., Nawafleh, H., Sun, J., Flood, C., Phillips, L., Yoshimasu, K., Tsuno, K., Kujan, O., Harlak, H., … Taifour, S. (2019). The role of religion in suicidal behavior, attitudes and psychological distress among university students: A multinational study. Transcultural Psychiatry, 56(5), 853–877. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461518823933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearing, R. E., & Lizardi, D. (2009). Religion and suicide. Journal of Religion and Health, 48(3), 332–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-008-9181-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, D. A. R., de Araújo, R. M. F., & Gomes, M. S. (2018). Incidence of suicide among military police officers in South Brazil: An 11-year retrospective cohort study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 85, 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi, C., Del Casale, A., Cucè, P., Kotzalidis, G. D., Pelliccione, A., Marconi, W., Saccente, F., Messina, R., Santorsa, R., Rapinesi, C., Lester, D., Giannini, A. M., Tatarelli, R., Girardi, P., & Pompili, M. (2019). Suicide among Italian police officers from 1995 to 2017. Rivista di Psichiatria, 54(1), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1708/3104.30936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, M. (2018). Disability, discourse and desire: Analyzing online talk by people with disabilities. Sexualities, 21(3), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460716688675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman, J., Ireland, R., Frost, L., & Cottrell, L. (2012). Suicide incidence and risk factors in an active duty US military population. American Journal of Public Health, 102(S1), S138–S146. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ittefaq, M., Baines, A., Abwao, M., Shah, S. F. A., & Ramzan, T. (2021). “Does Pakistan still have polio cases?”: Exploring discussions on polio and polio vaccine in online news comments in Pakistan. Vaccine, 39(3), 480–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamboh, S. A., & Ittefaq, M. (2019). Newspaper suicide reporting in a Muslim country: Analysis of violations and compliance with international guidelines. Journal of Media Ethics, 34(1), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2019.1568252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamboh, S. A., & Yousaf, M. (2020). Human development and advocacy journalism: Analysis of low editorial coverage in Pakistan. Development Policy Review, 38(5), 646–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. L., Ittefaq, M., Pantoja, Y. I. M., Raziq, M. M., & Malik, A. (2021). Public engagement model to analyze digital diplomacy on Twitter: A social media analytics framework. International Journal of Communication, 15, 1741–1769. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15698/3411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. M., Naqvi, H., Thaver, D., & Prince, M. (2008). Epidemiology of suicide in Pakistan: Determining rates in six cities. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 12(2), 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110701857517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo, S. (2015). Occupational stress, job satisfaction, and affective commitment to policing among Taiwanese police officers. Police Quarterly, 18(1), 27–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611114559039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1999). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Loo, R. (2003). A meta-analysis of police suicide rates: Findings and issues. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 33(3), 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.33.3.313.23209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzuk, P. M., Nock, M. K., Leon, A. C., Portera, L., & Tardiff, K. (2002). Suicide among New York City police officers, 1977–1996. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(12), 2069–2071. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masood, S. (2013). Senior pakistani general is killed in insurgent attack. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/16/world/asia/insurgent-attack-kills-senior-pakistani-general.html
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, S. B., Violette, R., Aggarwal, R., Simeoni, M., MacDougall, H., & Waite, N. (2019). Vaccine hesitancy and Web 2.0: Exploring how attitudes and beliefs about influenza vaccination are exchanged in online threaded user comments. Vaccine, 37(13), 1769–1774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A. (2018). Text mining digital humanities projects: Assessing content analysis capabilities of Voyant tools. Journal of Web Librarianship, 12(3), 169–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/19322909.2018.1479673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munawar, K., Abdul Khaiyom, J. H., Bokharey, I. Z., Park, M. S. A., & Choudhry, F. R. (2020). A systematic review of mental health literacy in Pakistan. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry: Official Journal of the Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists, 12(4), e12408. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompili, M., Mancinelli, I., & Tatarelli, R. (2003). Stigma as a cause of suicide. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 183(2), 173–174. https://doi.org/10.1192/S0007125000162774
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reading, J. M., Buhr, K. J., & Stuckey, H. L. (2019). Social experiences of adults using online support forums to lose weight: A qualitative content analysis. Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 46(2_suppl), 129–133S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119859403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan, Á., Shan, L., McConnon, Á., Marcu, A., Raats, M., Wall, P., & Barnett, J. (2014). Strategies for dismissing dietary risks: Insights from user-generated comments online. Health, Risk & Society, 16(4), 308–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2014.919993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, G., Kreiner, H., & Levi-Belz, Y. (2020). Public response to suicide news reports as reflected in computerized text analysis of online reader comments. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 24(sup1), 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2018.1563578
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakarya, D., Günes, C., & Sakarya, A. (2012). Googling suicide: Evaluation of websites according to the content associated with suicide. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 24(1), 44–48. https://doi.org/10.5080/u6870
   Google Scholar
• Sampsel, L. J. (2018). Voyant tools. Music Reference Services Quarterly, 21(3), 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10588167.2018.1496754
   Google Scholar
• Schmidtke, A., Fricke, S., & Lester, D. (1999). Suicide among German federal and state police officers. Psychological Reports, 84(1), 157–166. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.1.157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuman, D., Praetorius, R. T., Barnes, D. M., & Arana, A. A. (2016). Military suicide coverage: AP news wire & suicide guidelines. Death Studies, 40(9), 570–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2016.1191559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisask, M., Mark, L., & Värnik, A. (2012). Internet comments elicited by media portrayal of a familicide-suicide case. Crisis, 33(4), 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000134
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sisask, M., Värnik, A., & Wasserman, D. (2005). Internet comments on media reporting of two adolescents' collective suicide attempt. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 9(1), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110590512985
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stack, S. (1990). A reanalysis of the impact of non-celebrity suicides. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 25(5), 269–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00788648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahir, Z. (2017). In the line of duty: Friends eulogize slain police officers. Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1314651
   Google Scholar
• Tobin, G. A., & Begley, C. M. (2004). Methodological rigour within a qualitative framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(4), 388–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03207.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Transparency International. (2021). Corruption perception index. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2021/index/pak
   Google Scholar
• Violanti, J. M., Owens, S. L., McCanlies, E., Fekedulegn, D., & Andrew, M. E. (2019). Law enforcement suicide: A review. Policing: An International Journal, 42(2), 141–164. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-05-2017-0061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., & Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 240, 112552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar