3,134
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Assessment, Development, and Validation

The Simple School Belonging Scale: Working Toward a Unidimensional Measure of Student Belonging

References

  • Allen, K. A., & Bowles, T. (2012). Belonging as a guiding principle in the education of adolescents. Australian Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 12, 108–119.
  • Anderman, L. (2003). Academic and social perceptions as predictors of change in middle school students' sense of school belonging. Journal of Experimental Education, 72(1), 5–22.
  • Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2010). Factor analysis: Exploratory and confirmatory. In G. H. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), The reviewer's guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences (pp. 93–114). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Battistich, V., Solomon, D., Kim, D. I., Watson, M., & Schaps, E. (1995). Schools as communities, poverty levels of student populations, and students' attitudes, motives, and performance: A multilevel analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 32, 627–658.
  • Benner, A. D. (2011). The transition to high school: Current knowledge, future directions. Educational Psychology Review, 23, 299–328.
  • Booker, K. C. (2007). Likeness, comfort, and tolerance: Examining African American adolescents' sense of school belonging. The Urban Review, 39, 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-007-0053-y
  • Brown, T. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009a). Fostering school connectedness: Improving student health and academic achievement. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/protective/pdf/connectedness_administrators.pdf
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009b). School connectedness: Strategies for increasing protective factors among youth. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/protective/pdf/connectedness.pdf
  • Cheung, H. Y. (2004). Comparing Shanghai and Hong Kong students' psychological sense of school membership. Asia Pacific Education Review, 5(1), 34–38.
  • Cheung, H. Y., & Hui, S. K. F. (2003). Mainland immigrant and Hong Kong local students' psychological sense of school membership. Asia Pacific Education Review, 4(1), 67– 74.
  • Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
  • Eccles, J. S., & Roeser, R. W. (2010). An ecological view of schools and development. In Meece, J. L., & Eccles, J. S. (Eds.), Handbook of research on schools, schooling, and human development (pp. 6–21). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Gallagher, S. L. (1996). Adolescents' perceived sense of belonging (Unpublished master's thesis). Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS.
  • Goodenow, C. (1993). The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates. Psychology in the Schools, 30(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(199301)30:1<79::AID-PITS2310300113>3.0.CO
  • Goodenow, C., & Grady, K. E. (1993). The relationship of school belonging and friends' values to academic motivation among urban adolescent students. The Journal of Experimental Education, 62(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1993.9943831
  • Gutman, L. M., & Midgley, C. (2000). The role of protective factors in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the middle school transition. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 29, 224–248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005108700243
  • Hagborg, W. J. (1994). An exploration of school membership among middle- and high-school students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 12, 312–323. Retrieved from https://jpa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/4/312
  • Hagborg, W. J. (1998). An investigation of a brief measure of school membership. Adolescence, 33(130), 461–468.
  • Harter, S., Whitesell, N. R., & Kowalski, P. (1992). Individual differences in the effects of educational transitions on young adolescents' perceptions of competence and motivational orientation. American Educational Research Journal, 29, 777–807.
  • Hernández, A., Drasgow, F., & González-Romá, V. (2004). Investigating the functioning of the middle category by means of a mixed-measurement model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 687–699. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.687
  • Ibanez, G. E., Kuperminc, G. P., Jurkovic, G., & Perilla, J. (2004). Cultural attributes and adaptations linked to achievement and motivation among Latino adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOYO.0000048069.22681.2c
  • Krosnick, J. A., Holbrook, A. L., Berent, M. K., Carson, R. T., Hanemann, W. M., Kopp, R. J., … Conaway, M. (2002). The impact of “no opinion” response options on data quality: Non-attitude reduction or an invitation to satisfice? Public Opinion Quarterly, 66, 371–403. https://doi.org/10.1086/341394
  • Kulas, J. T., & Stachowski, A. A. (2013). Respondent rational for neither agreeing nor disagreeing: Person and item contributors to middle category endorsement intent on Likert personality indicators. Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 254–262.
  • Libbey, H. P. (2004). Measuring student relationships to school: Attachment, bonding, connectedness, and engagement. Journal of School Health, 74, 274–283.
  • Libbey, H. P. (2007). School connectedness: Influence above and beyond family connectedness. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI.
  • MacNeil, A. J., Prater, D. L., & Busch, S. (2009). The effects of school culture and climate on student achievement. International Journal Leadership in Education, 12(1), 73–84.
  • McMahon, S. D., Parnes, A. L., Keys, C. B., & Viola, J. J. (2008). School belonging among low-income urban youth with disabilities: Testing a theoretical model. Psychology in the Schools, 45, 387–401. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20304
  • Midgley, C., Anderman, E., & Hicks, L. (1995). Differences between elementary and middle school teachers and students: A goal theory approach. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 15(1), 90–113.
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2011). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
  • Nowlis, S. M., Kahn, B. E., & Dhar, R. (2002). Coping with ambivalence: The effect of removing a neutral option on consumer attitude and preference judgments. Journal of Consumer Research, 29, 319–334.
  • O'Farrell, S. L., & Morrison, G. M. (2003). A factor analysis exploring school bonding and related constructs among upper elementary students. California School Psychologist, 8, 52–72.
  • Osterman, K. F. (2000). Students' need for belonging in the school community. Review of Educational Research, 70, 323–367. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543070003323
  • PAHO. (n.d.). Attitude and Belief Assessments. Retrieved from http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd57/measuring/sect1.pdf
  • R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 3.1.1) [Computer software]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.r-project.org
  • Raykov, T. (2004). Behavioral scale reliability and measurement invariance evaluation using latent variable modeling. Behavior Therapy, 35, 89–103.
  • Reise, S. P., & Yu, J. (1990). Parameter recovery in the graded response model using MULTILOG. Journal of Educational Measurement, 27, 133–144.
  • Resnick, M. D., Bearman, P. S., Blum, R. W., Bauman, K. E., Harris, K. M., Jones, J., … Udry, J. R. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 823–832. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550100049038
  • Rizopoulos, D. (2006). ltm: An R package for latent variable modeling and item response theory analyses. Journal of Statistical Software, 17(5), 1–25. Retrieved from https://www.jstatsoft.org/v17/i05/
  • Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika Monograph Supplement, 34, 100–114.
  • Sanchez, B., Colon, Y., & Esparza, P. (2005). The role of sense of school belonging and gender in the academic adjustment of Latino adolescents. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 34, 619–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-8950-4
  • Sergiovanni, T. J. (1994). Building community in schools. San Fransisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
  • Shochet, I. M., Dadds, M. R., Ham, D., & Montague, R. (2006). School connectedness is an underemphasized parameter in adolescent mental health: Results of a community prediction study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_1
  • Solomon, D., Watson, M., Battistich, V., Schaps, E., & Delucchi, K. (1996). Creating classrooms that students experience as communities. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 719–748. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02511032
  • Vaux, A., Phillips, J., Holly, L., Thomson, B., Williams, D., & Stewart, D. (1986). The Social Support Appraisals (SS–A) scale: Studies of reliability and validity. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 195–218.
  • Voelkl, K. E. (1996). Measuring students' identification with school. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 760–770. Retrieved from https://epm.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/56/5/760
  • Voelkl, K. E. (2012). School identification. In S. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 193–218). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Wigfield, A., & Wagner, A. L. (2005). Competence, motivation, and identity development during adolescence. In Elliot, A. J., & Dweck, C. S. (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 222–239). New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 806–836. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Wingspread. (2004). Wingspread declaration on school connections. Journal of School Health, 74, 233–234.
  • Ye, F., & Wallace, T. L. (2014). Psychological sense of school membership scale method effects associated with negatively worded items. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32, 202–215.
  • You, S., Ritchey, K. M., Furlong, M. J., Shochet, I., & Boman, P. (2011). Examination of the latent structure of the Psychological Sense of School Membership scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 225–237.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.