Measurement Invariance of Scores on the Somatic Symptom Scale-8: National Sample of Non-Clinical Adults in the United States

References

• Abrams, L. R., & Mehta, N. K. (2019). Changes in depressive symptoms over age among older Americans: Differences by gender, race/ethnicity, education, and birth cohort. SSM-Population Health, 7(1), 100399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100399
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Press. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
   Google Scholar
• Arnold, S. R. C., Uljarević, M., Hwang, Y. I., Richdale, A. L., Trollor, J. N., & Lawson, L. P. (2020). Brief report: Psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in autistic adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(6), 2217–2225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03947-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atasoy, S., Hausteiner-Wiehle, C., Sattel, H., Johar, H., Roenneberg, C., Peters, A., Ladwig, K. H., & Henningsen, P. (2022). Gender specific somatic symptom burden and mortality risk in the general population. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 15049–15049. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18814-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard, C., Hsu, K. J., Rifkin, L. S., Busch, A. B., & Björgvinsson, T. (2016). Validation of the PHQ-9 in a psychiatric sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 193(1), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.075
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Behm, A. C., Hüsing, P., Löwe, B., & Toussaint, A. (2021). Persistence rate of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder: 4-Year follow-up in patients from a psychosomatic outpatient clinic. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 110(1), 152265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152265
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berwick, D. M., Murphy, J. M., Goldman, P. A., Ware, J. E.Jr., Barsky, A. J., & Weinstein, M. C. (1991). Performance of a five-item mental health screening test. Medical Care, 29(2), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199102000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrd-Bredbenner, C., Eck, K., & Quick, V. (2020). Psychometric properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-Mini in United States university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1), 550533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.550533
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, H. L., Wang, C., McDermott, R. C., Kridel, M., & Rislin, J. L. (2018). Self-stigma, mental health literacy, and attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling & Development, 96(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrov, D. (2012). Statistical methods for validation of assessment scale data in counseling and related fields. American Counseling Association.
   Google Scholar
• D’Souza, R. S., & Hooten, W. M. (2023). Somatic syndrome disorders. National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532253/
   Google Scholar
• Drummond, R. J., Sheperis, C. J., & Jones, K. D. (2016). Assessment procedures for counselors and helping professionals (8th ed.). Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Fergus, T. A., Kelley, L. P., & Griggs, J. O. (2019). Examining the Whiteley Index-6 as a screener for DSM-5 presentations of severe health anxiety in primary care. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 127(1), 109839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109839
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gierk, B., Kohlmann, S., Kroenke, K., Spangenberg, L., Zenger, M., Brähler, E., & Löwe, B. (2014). The Somatic Symptom Scale–8 (SSS-8): A brief measure of somatic symptom burden. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 399–407. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. U., Ulvenes, P. G., Øktedalen, T., & Hoffart, A. (2019). Psychometric properties of the General Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) scale in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1), 1713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01713
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalkbrenner, M. T., Hunt, A. J., Ryan, A. F., & Rahman, S. R. (2023). Internal consistency reliability and internal structure validity of the English versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7: A psychometric synthesis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 56(2), 124–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2022.2091460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keum, B. T., Miller, M. J., & Inkelas, K. K. (2018). Testing the factor structure and measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 across racially diverse U.S. college students. Psychological Assessment, 30(8), 1096–1106. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R., & Williams, J. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(2), 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurlansik, S. L., & Maffeli, M. S. (2016). Somatic symptom disorder. American Family Physician, 93(1), 49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T., Wei, J., Fritzsche, K., Toussaint, A. C., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, H., Wu, H., Ma, X., Li, W., Ren, J., Lu, W., & Leonhart, R. (2022). Validation of the Chinese version of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 in patients from tertiary hospitals in China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13(1), 940206–940206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.940206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Limburg, K., Sattel, H., Dinkel, A., Radziej, K., Becker-Bense, S., & Lahmann, C. (2017). Course and predictors of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder in patients with vertigo and dizziness symptoms: A longitudinal study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.05.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marrie, R. A., Zhang, L., Lix, L. M., Graff, L. A., Walker, J. R., Fisk, J. D., Patten, S. B., Hitchon, C. A., Bolton, J. M., Sareen, J., El-Gabalawy, R., Marriott, J. J., & Bernstein, C. N. (2018). The validity and reliability of screening measures for depression and anxiety disorders in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 20(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.12.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 412–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsudaira, K., Oka, H., Kawaguchi, M., Murakami, M., Fukudo, S., Hashizume, M., & Löwe, B. (2017). Development of a Japanese version of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8: Psychometric validity and internal consistency. General Hospital Psychiatry, 45(1), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.12.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meade, A. W., & Kroustalis, C. M. (2006). Problems with item parceling for confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance. Organizational Research Methods, 9(3), 369–403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105283384
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, S. D., Fox, R. S., Malcarne, V. L., Roesch, S. C., Champagne, B. R., & Sadler, G. R. (2014). The psychometric properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale in Hispanic Americans with English or Spanish language preference. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(3), 463–468. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulvaney-Day, N., Marshall, T., Downey Piscopo, K., Korsen, N., Lynch, S., Karnell, L. H., Moran, G. E., Daniels, A. S., & Ghose, S. S. (2018). Screening for behavioral health conditions in primary care settings: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33(3), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-017-4181-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, J. E., & Sweeney, T. J. (2014). The Five Factor Wellness Inventory, Adult (5F-Wel-A). Mind Garden.
   Google Scholar
• Nájera Catalán, H. (2019). Reliability, population classification and weighting in multidimensional poverty measurement: A Monte Carlo study. Social Indicators Research, 142(3), 887–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1950-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narrow, W. E., Clarke, D. E., Kuramoto, S. J., Kraemer, H. C., Kupfer, D. J., Greiner, L., & Regier, D. A. (2013). DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part III: Development and reliability testing of a cross-cutting symptom assessment for DSM-5. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12071000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterwijk, P. R., van der Ark, L. A., & Sijtsma, K. (2019). Using confidence intervals for assessing reliability of real tests. Assessment, 26(7), 1207–1216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117737375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, J. S., Oh, Y., Rand, K. L., Wu, W., Cyders, M. A., Kroenke, K., & Stewart, J. C. (2019). Measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression screener in U.S. adults across sex, race/ethnicity, and education level: NHANES 2005–2016. Depression and Anxiety, 36(9), 813–823. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollo, C. F., Meneguin, S., Miot, H. A., & de Oliveira, C. (2022). Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 for the Brazilian Portuguese language. BMC Primary Care, 23(1), 222. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-022-01836-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qualtrics Sample Services. (2023). [Online sampling service service]. https://www.qualtrics.com/research-services/online-sample/
   Google Scholar
• Rhubart, D. C., & Monnat, S. M. (2022). Self-rated physical health among working-aged adults along the rural-urban continuum – United States, 2021. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(5), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7105a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riquelme, R., Piqueras, J. A., & Cuijpers, P. (2019). The Revised Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5) as an ultra-brief screening measure of bidimensional mental health in children and adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 274(1), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.045
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sauceda, J. A., Patel, A. R., Santiago-Rodriguez, E. I., Garcia, D., & Lechuga, J. (2021). Testing for differences in the reporting of somatic symptoms of depression in racial/ethnic minorities. Health Education & Behavior, 48(3), 260–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981211011925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher, S., Rief, W., Klaus, K., Brähler, E., & Mewes, R. (2017). Medium- and long-term prognostic validity of competing classification proposals for the former somatoform disorders. Psychological Medicine, 47(10), 1719–1732. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717000149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields, K. S., Carleton, R. N., McElheran, M., Stelnicki, A. M., Groll, D., & Anderson, G. S. (2021). Brief mental health disorder screening questionnaires and use with public safety personnel: A review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2(1), 53–55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toussaint, A., Hüsing, P., Kohlmann, S., & Löwe, B. (2020). Detecting DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder: Criterion validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) and the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8) in combination with the Somatic Symptom Disorder—B Criteria Scale (SSD-12). Psychological Medicine, 50(2), 324–333. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171900014X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Census Bureau (2023). How the Census Bureau measures poverty. https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/poverty-measures.html#:∼:text=The%20family's%202021%20poverty%20threshold%20(below)%20is%20%2433%2C148
   Google Scholar
• Weiner, B. J., Lewis, C. C., Stanick, C., Powell, B. J., Dorsey, C. N., Clary, A. S., Boynton, M. H., & Halko, H. (2017). Psychometric assessment of three newly developed implementation outcome measures. Implementation Science, 12(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-017-0635-3
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2021). Depression. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2022). Cardiovascular diseases. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1
   Google Scholar
• Xiong, N., Zhang, Y., Wei, J., Leonhart, R., Fritzsche, K., Mewes, R., Hong, X., Cao, J., Li, T., Jiang, J., Zhao, X., Zhang, L., & Schaefert, R. (2017). Operationalization of diagnostic criteria of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 361. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1526-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zuithoff, N. P., Vergouwe, Y., King, M., Nazareth, I., van Wezep, M. J., Moons, K. G., & Geerlings, M. I. (2010). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for detection of major depressive disorder in primary care: Consequences of current thresholds in a cross-sectional study. BMC Family Practice, 11(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-11-98
   PubMedGoogle Scholar