Peptic Ulcer: An Infectious Disease?

References

• Andersen LP. Cytoprotective agents and C. pylori associated acid peptic disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23 (Suppl. 142): 110–13.
   Google Scholar
• Doenges. Spirochaetes in the gastric glands of Macacus rhesus and of man without related disease. Arch Pathol 1939; 37: 469–77.
   Google Scholar
• Steer HW. Ultrastructure of cell migration through the gastric epithelium and its relationship to bacteria. J Clin Pathol 1975; 28: 639–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren JR, Marshall BJ. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983; i: 1273–5.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall BJ, Goodwin CS. Revised nomenclature of Campylobacter pyloridis. Int J System Bacteriol 1987; 37: 68.
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Chilvers T, et al. Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb, nov., respectively. Int J System Bacteriol 1989; 4: 397–405.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. The Helicobacter genus: now we are nine (editorial). Lancet 1992: i: 840–1.
   Google Scholar
• Paster BJ, Lee A, Fox JG, Dewhirst FE, et al. Phylogeny of Helicobacter felis sp. nov., Helicobacter mustelae, and related bacteria. Int J System Bacteriol 1991; 41: 31–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heilmann KL, Borchard F. Further observations on human spirobacteria. In: Menge H, Gregor M, Tytgat GNJ, Marshall BJ, McNulty CAM eds. Helicobacter pylori 1990. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1991: 63–73.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall BJ. Practical diagnosis of H. pylori. In: Marshall BJ, McCallum RM, Guerrant RL, eds. Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulceration and gastrilis. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991: 139–59.
   Google Scholar
• McNulty CAM, Dent JC, Uff JS, Gear MWL, Wilkinson SP. Detection of Campylobacter pylori by the biopsy urease test: an assessment in 1445 patients. Gut 1989; 30: 1058–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein PD, Graham DY. Detection of Campylobacter pylori by the 13C-urea breath test. In: Rathbone BJ, Heatley RV, eds. Campylobacter pylori and gastroduodenal disease. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication, 1989: 83–93.
   Google Scholar
• Talley NJ, Newell DG, Ormand JE, et al. Serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: comparison of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 1635–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobala GM, Crabtree JE, Pentith JA, et al. Screening dyspepsia by serology to Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1991; ii: 94–6.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen LP, Raskov HH, Elsborg L, et al. Prevalence of antibodies against heat-stable antigens from Helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspeptic symptoms and normal persons. APMIS 1992; 100.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall BJ, Armstrong JA, McGechie DB, Glancy RJ. Attempt to fulfill Koch's postulates for pyloric Campylobacter Med J Austr 1985; 142: 436–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris A, Nicholson G. Campylobacter pylori: human ingestion studies. In: Rathbone BJ, Heatley RV, eds. Campylobacter pylori and gastroduodenal disease. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1989: 185–9.
   Google Scholar
• Morris AJ, Nicholson GI, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ. Long-term follow-up of voluntary ingestion of Helicobacter pylori. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 662–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton FJ, Hutchinson DN, Hinchliffe PM, Holt AV. Distribution in various clinical groups of antibody to C. pylori detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, complement fixation and microagglutination test. Serodiag Immunother Infect Dis 1989; 3: 41–50.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen LP, Elsborg L, Justesen T. Campylobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. III. Symptoms and paraclinical and epidemiologic findings. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 347–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauws, EAJ, Tytgat GNJ. Campylobacter pylori. Amsterdam: WC den Ouden BV, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen LP, Holck S, Povlsen CO, Elsborg L, Justesen T. Campylobacter pyloridis in peptic ulcer disease. I. Gastric and duodenal infection caused by C. pyloridis: histopathologic and microbiologic findings. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 219–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strictland RG, Fenoglio-Preiser CM. Gastritis — classification and histology then and now. In: Marshall BJ, McCallum RM, Guerrant RL, eds. Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulceration and gastritis. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991: 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Kazi JI, Sinniah R, Jaffrey NA, et al. Cellular and humural immune response in Campylobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis. J Pathol 1989; 159: 231–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolte M, Eidt S. Lymphoid follicles in antral mucousa: immune response to Campylobacter pylori? J Clin Pathol 1989; 42: 1269–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyatt JI, Rathbone BJ. Immune response of the gastric mucousa to Campylobacter pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23 (Suppl. 142): 44–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingwood CA, Law H, Pellizari A, Sherman P, Drumm B. Gastric glycerolipid as a receptor for Campylobacter pylori. Lancet 1989; i: 238–41.
   Google Scholar
• Sidebotham RL, Batten JJ, Karim QN, Spencer J, Baron JH. Breakdown of gastric mucus in presence of Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Pathol 1991; 44: 52–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen LP, Holck S. Possible evidence for invasiveness of Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Clin Microl Infect Dis 1990; 9: 135–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch R. Die aetiologie des tuberculoe. Mitt Kaiser Gesund 1884; 2: 1.
   Google Scholar
• Evans AS. Causation and disease: The Henie-Koch postulates revisited. Yale J Biol Med 1976; 49: 175–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation. Proc R Soc Med 1965; 58: 295–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coghlan JG, Gilligan D, Humphries H, et al. Campylobacter pylori and recurrent of duodenal ulcers — a 12-month follow-up study. Lancet 1987; 2: 1109–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNulty CAM, Watson DM. Spiral bacteria of the gastric antrum. Lancet 1984; i: 1068–9.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall BJ, McGechie DB, Rogers PA, Glancy RJ. Pyloric Campylobacter infection and gastroduodenal disease. Med J Austr 1985; 142: 439–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth L, Holdstock G, MacBride H, et al. Clinical importance of Campylobacter pyloridis and associated IgG and IgA antibody responses in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Clin Pathol 1986; 39: 215–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Wulffen H, Heesemann J, Bützow GH, Löning T, Laufs R. Detection of Campylobacter pyloridis in patients with antrum gastritis and peptic ulcers by culture, complement fixation test, and immunoblot. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24: 716–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettross CW, Appleman MD, Cohen H, Valenzuela JE, Chandrasoma P, Laine LA. Prevalence of Campylobacter pylori and association with antral mucousal histology in subjects with and without upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Digest Dis Sci 1988; 33: 649–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamouliatte H, Megraud F, DeMascarel A, Roux D, Quinton A. Campylobacter pyloridis and epigastric pain: endoscopic, histological and bacteriological correlation. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1987; 11: 212–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirschl AM, Stanek G, Rotter M, et al. Campylobacter pylori. gastritis and ulcus pepticum. Wien Klin Wschr 1987; 99: 493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys H, Bourke S, Dooley C, et al. Effect of treatment on Campylobacter pylori in peptic disease: a randomized prospective trail. Gut 1988; 29: 279–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen LP, Elsborg L, Justesen T. Campylobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. II. Endoscopic findings and cultivation of C. pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 760–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham DY, Klein PD, Opekun AR, Boutton TW. Effect of age on the frequency of active Campylobacter pylori infection diagnosed by the (C13) urea breath test in normal subjects and patients with peptic ulcer disease. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 777–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musgrowe C, Bolton FJ, Krypczyk AM, et al. Campylobacter pylori: clinical, histological and serological studies. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41: 1316–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnarpe H, Unge P, Blomquist C, Mäkitalo S. Campylobacter pylori in Swedish patients referred for gastroscopy. APMIS 1988; 96: 128–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner S, Freise J, Bär W, Fritsch S, Schmidt FW. Epidemiologie und therapie der Campylobacter pylori infektion. Dtsch Med Wschr 1989; 114: 407–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodwin CS, Marshall BJ, Blincow ED, Wilson DH, Blackbourn S, Phillips M. Prevention of nitroimidazole resistance in Campylobacter pylori by co-administration of collodial bismuth subcitrate: clinical and in vitro studies. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41: 207–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przyklenk B, Bauernfeind A, Bornschein W, Emminger G, Heilmann K, Schweighart S. The role of Campylobacter (Helicobacter) pylori in disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Infect 1990; 18: 3–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreica V, Dumitrascu D, Sasca N, et al. Helicobacter-like organisms in gastroduodenal diseases. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1990; 14: 437–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kang JY, Wee A. Helicobacter pylori and gastric acid output in peptic ulcer disease. Digest Dis Sci 1991; 36: 5–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor HJ, Dixon MF, Wyatt JI, Axon ATR, Dewar EP, Johnston D. Campylobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease. Lancet 1987; ii: 633–4.
   Google Scholar
• Scherak O, Hirschi AM, Nemec H, Amann B, Kolarz G, Thumb G. NSAID associated gastritis and Helicobacter pylori. J Rheumathol 1990; 17: 860–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeed ZA, Evans D Jr, Evans DG, et al. Helicobacter pylori and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Digest Dis Sci 1991; 36: 15–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateson EM. Duodenal ulcer — does it exist in Australian Aborigines? Austr NZ J Med 1976; 6: 545.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dwyer B, Nanxinon S, Kaldor J, et al. Antibody response to Campylobacter pylori in an ethnic group lacking peptic ulceration. Scand J Infect Dis 1988; 20: 63–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeffeld RJLF, Potters HVJP, Stopperingh E, Flendrig JA, van Spreeuwel JP, Arends JW. Campylobacter associated gastritis in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia: a double-blind placebo controlled trial with colloidal bismuth subcitrate. Gut 1989; 30: 1206–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthel JS, Westblom TU, Havey AD, Gonzales F, Everett ED. Gastritis and Campylobacter pylori in healthy asymptomatic volunteers. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 1149–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sipponen P, Varis K, Fraki O, Korri UM, Seppala K, Siurala M. Cumulative 10 year risk of symptomatic duodenal and gastric ulcer in patients with or without gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 966–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matysiak-Budnik T, Poniewierka E, Gasciniak G, Jelen M, Knapik Z. A five year follow-up study of the chronic gastritis patients. Irish J Med Sci 1992; 161 (Suppl. 10): 37.
   Google Scholar
• Queiros DMM, Quintao JGA, Rocha GA, Barbosa AJA, Mendes EN. Helicobacter pylori density on antral mucousa of patients with and without duodenal ulceration. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1991; 15: 558.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weber J, Astheimer W, Riemann JF. Higher density of colonization by Helicobacter pylori in patients with duodenal ulcer. In Megraud F, Lamouliatte H, eds. Gastroduodenal pathology and Helicobacter pylori. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989, 277–80.
   Google Scholar
• Tatsuta M, Iishi H, Okuda S. Location of peptic ulcer in relation to antral and fundal gastritis by chromoendoscopic follow-up examinations. Digest Dis Sci 1975; 69: 897–902.
   Google Scholar
• Gear MWL, Truelove SC, Whitehead R. Gastric ulcer and gastritis. Gut 1971; 12: 639–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyatt JI, Rathbone BJ, Dixon MF, Heatley RV. Campylobacter pyloridis and acid-induced gastric metaplasia in the pathogenesis of duodenitis. J Clin Pathol 1987; 40: 841–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen LP, Holck S, Elsborg L, Justesen T. The Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori-colonized duodenal mucousa and gastric metaplasia. APMIS 1991; 99: 244–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi S, Beardshall K, Haddad G, Playford R, Ghosh P, Calam J. Campylobacter pylori and duodenal ulcers: the gastrin link. Lancet 1989; i: 1167–8.
   Google Scholar
• Smith JTL, Pounder RE, Nwocolo CU, et al. Inappropriate hypergastrinamia in asymptomatic healthy subjects infected with Helicobacter pylori. Gut 1990; 31: 522–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham DY, Opekun A, Lew GM, Evans DJ Jr, Klein PD, Evans DG. Ablation of exaggerated meal-stimulated gastrin release in duodenal ulcer patients after clearance of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 394–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree JE, Taylor JD, Wyatt JI, et al. Mucosal IgA recognition of Helicobacter pylori 120 kDa protein, peptic ulceration, and gastric pathology. Lancet 1991; ii: 332–5.
   Google Scholar
• Leunk RD, Ferguson MA, Morgan DR, Low DE, Simor AE. Antibody to cytoxin in infection by Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1181–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smooth DT, Mobley HLT, Chippendale GR, Lewison JF, Resau JH. Helicobacter pylori urease activity is toxic to human gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1990; 58: 1992–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu JK, Goodwin CS, Cooper M, Robinson J. Intracellular vacuolization caused by the urease of Helicobacter pylori. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 1302–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen H, Andersen LP. Chemotactic activity of Helicobacter pylori sonicate for human polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes. Gut 1992; 33: 738–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen H, Andersen LP. Activity of human phagocyte oxidative metabolism by Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 1992; 103 (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Rauws EAJ, Tytgat G. Cure of duodenal ulcer associated with eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1990; i: 1233–5.
   Google Scholar
• Borody TJ, Cole P, Noonan S, et al. Long time Campylobacter pylori recurrence post eradication. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham DY, Lew GM, Klein PD, et al. Effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on the long-term recurrence of gastric and duodenal ulcer. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 705–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langman MJS. Peptic ulcer disease: epidemiology. Gustavson S, Kumar D, Graham DY, eds. The Stomach. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992, 219–29.
   Google Scholar
• Martin DF, Montgomery JE, Dobek AS, Patrissi GA, Peura DA. Campylobacter pylori. NSAIDs and smoking: risk factors for peptic ulcer disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84: 1268–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George L, Hyland L, Morgan A, et al. Smoking does not contribute to duodenal ulcer relapse after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 48.
   Google Scholar