816
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness in female and male adults with different body mass index: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004 dataset

, , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 83-92 | Received 04 Jul 2016, Accepted 18 Oct 2016, Published online: 29 Nov 2016

References

  • World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases; [cited 2016 Mar 10]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/.
  • Centers for Disease Control. Taking on the Nation's Leading Killers. 2010; [cited 2016 Mar 10]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/docs/dhdsp_factsheet.pdf.
  • World Health Organization. World health statistics 2009; [cited 2016 Mar 10]. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.
  • Lemieux I, Lamarche B, Couillard C, Pascot A, Cantin B, Bergeron J, et al. Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio vs LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio as indices of ischemic heart disease risk in men: the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:2685–92.
  • Wierzbicki AS. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: a review of the evidence. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2007;4:143–50.
  • Warren CJ. Emergent cardiovascular risk factor: homocysteine. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2002;17:35–41.
  • Ridker PM. C-reactive protein: eighty years from discovery to emergence as a major risk marker for cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem. 2009;55:209–15.
  • Buckley DI, Fu R, Freeman M, Rogers K, Helfand M. C-reactive protein as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:483–95.
  • Samsell L, Regier M, Walton C, Cottrell L. Importance of android/gynoid fat ratio in predicting metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk in normal weight as well as overweight and obese children. J Obes. 2014;2014:846578.
  • Okosun IS, Seale JP, Lyn R. Commingling effect of gynoid and android fat patterns on cardiometabolic dysregulation in normal weight American adults. Nutr Diabetes. 2015;5:e155.
  • Loprinzi PD, Davis RE. Psycho-socioeconomic bio-behavioral associations on all-cause mortality: cohort study. Health Promot Perspect. 2016;6:66–70.
  • Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, Maki M, Yachi Y, Asumi M, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;301:2024–35.
  • Duncan GE. Exercise, fitness, and cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Diab Rep. 2006;6:29–35.
  • Myers J, McAuley P, Lavie CJ, Despres JP, Arena R, Kokkinos P. Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness as major markers of cardiovascular risk: their independent and interwoven importance to health status. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;57:306–14.
  • Molloy AM, Scott JM. Folates and prevention of disease. Public Health Nutr. 2001;4:601–09.
  • Cureton K, Bishop P, Hutchinson P, Newland H, Vickery S, Zwiren L. Sex difference in maximal oxygen uptake. Effect of equating haemoglobin concentration. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1986;54:656–60.
  • D'Agostino RB, Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117:743–53.
  • Duncan GE, Li SM, Zhou XH. Cardiovascular fitness among U.S. adults: NHANES 1999-2000 and 2001-2002. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:1324–28.
  • Sanders LF, Duncan GE. Population-based reference standards for cardiovascular fitness among U.S. adults: NHANES 1999–2000 and 2001–2002. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38:701–07.
  • van der Velde JH, Savelberg HH, Schaper NC, Koster A. Moderate activity and fitness, not sedentary time, are independently associated with cardio-metabolic risk in U.S. adults aged 18–49. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12:2330–43.
  • Kwon S, Burns TL, Janz K. Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and fatness with cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents: the NHANES 1999-2002. J Phys Act Health. 2010;7:746–53.
  • Astrand PO, Ryhming I. A nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity (physical fitness) from pulse rate during sub-maximal work. J Appl Physiol. 1954;7:218–21.
  • Pate RR, Wang CY, Dowda M, Farrell SW, O'Neill JR. Cardiorespiratory fitness levels among US youth 12 to 19 years of age: findings from the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:1005–12.
  • Quinart S, Mougin F, Simon-Rigaud ML, Nicolet-Guénat M, Nègre V, Regnard J. Evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness using three field tests in obese adolescents: validity, sensitivity and prediction of peak VO2. J Sci Med Sport. 2014;17:521–5.
  • Bennett H, Parfitt G, Davison K, Eston R. Validity of submaximal step tests to estimate maximal oxygen uptake in healthy adults. Sports Med. 2016;46:737–50.
  • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Cardiovascular fitness procedures manual. January 2005; [cited 2006 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_05_06/CV.pdf.
  • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2003–2004 Data documentation, codebook, and frequencies. Cardiovascular fitness. Analytical notes. 2009; [cited 2016 Sep 20]. Available from http://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2003-2004/CVX_C.htm#Analytic_Notes.
  • Kim Y, Park S, Kim NS, Lee BK. Inappropriate survey design analysis of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey may produce biased results. J Prev Med Public Health. 2013; 46:96–104.
  • Hakola L, Komulainen P, Hassinen M, Savonen K, Litmanen H, Lakka TA, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness in aging men and women: the DR's EXTRA study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011; 21:679–87.
  • Baur DM, Christophi CA, Cook EF, Kales SN. Age-related decline in cardiorespiratory fitness among career firefighters: modification by physical activity and adiposity. J Obes. 2012;2012:710903.
  • Parker BA, Kalasky MJ, Proctor DN. Evidence for sex differences in cardiovascular aging and adaptive responses to physical activity. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;110:235–46.
  • Tian S, Morio B, Denis J, Mioche L. Age-related changes in segmental body composition by ethnicity and history of weight change across the adult lifespan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:821.
  • Merino Ventosa M, Urbanos-Garrido RM. Disentangling effects of socioeconomic status on obesity: a cross-sectional study of the Spanish adult population. Econ Hum Biol. 2016;22:216–24.
  • Kuo HK, Yen CJ, Bean JF. Levels of homocysteine are inversely associated with cardiovascular fitness in women, but not in men: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. J Intern Med. 2005;258:328–35.
  • Verhaar MC, Stroes E, Rabelink TJ. Folates and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:6–13.
  • Zaccardi F, O'Donovan G, Webb DR, Yates T, Kurl S, Khunti K, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 23-year cohort study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Atherosclerosis. 2015;243:131–37.
  • Juraschek SP, Blaha MJ, Blumenthal RS, Brawner C, Qureshi W, Keteyian SJ, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and incident diabetes: the FIT (Henry Ford ExercIse Testing) project. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:1075–81.
  • Lynch J, Helmrich SP, Lakka TA, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD, Salonen R, et al. Moderately intense physical activities and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness reduce the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1307–14.
  • Sawada SS, Lee IM, Muto T, Matuszaki K, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: prospective study of Japanese men. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2918–22.
  • Hu G, Lakka TA, Kilpelainen TO, Tuomilehto J. Epidemiological studies of exercise in diabetes prevention. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007;32:583–95.
  • Holt HB, Wild SH, Wareham N, Ekelund U, Umpleby M, Shojaee-Moradie F, et al. Differential effects of fatness, fitness and physical activity energy expenditure on whole-body, liver and fat insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia. 2007;50:1698–06.
  • Meguro S, Ishibashi M, Takei I. (The significance of high sensitive C reactive protein as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases). Rinsho Byori. 2012;60:356–61. (Article in Japanese).
  • Park YM, Sui X, Liu J, Zhou H, Kokkinos PF, Lavie CJ, et al. The effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on age-related lipids and lipoproteins. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:2091–100.
  • Fernandez-Sola J, Nicolas-Arfelis JM. Gender differences in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. J Gend Specif Med. 2002;5:41–47.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema S, Hilt L. Possible contributors to the gender differences in alcohol use and problems. J Gen Psychol. 2006;133:357–74.
  • Carnevale R, Nocella C. Alcohol and cardiovascular disease: still unresolved underlying mechanisms. Vascul Pharmacol. 2012; 57:69–71.
  • de Borba AT, Jost RT, Gass R, Nedel FB, Cardoso DM, Pohl HH, et al. The influence of active and passive smoking on the cardiorespiratory fitness of adults. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2014;9:34.
  • Cryer PE, Haymond MW, Santiago JV, Shah SD. Norepinephrine and epinephrine release and adrenergic mediation of smoking-associated hemodynamic and metabolic events. N Engl J Med. 1976;295:573–77.
  • Laye MJ, Nielsen MB, Hansen LS, Knudsen T, Pedersen BK. Physical activity enhances metabolic fitness independently of cardiorespiratory fitness in marathon runners. Dis Markers. 2015;2015:806418.
  • Wang CY, Haskell WL, Farrell SW, Lamonte MJ, Blair SN, Curtin LR, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness levels among US adults 20–49 years of age: findings from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171:426–35.
  • DeFina LF, Haskell WL, Willis BL, Barlow CE3, Finley CE, Levine BD, et al. Physical activity versus cardiorespiratory fitness: two (partly) distinct components of cardiovascular health?. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;57:324–29.
  • Andersen RE, Crespo CJ, Bartlett SJ, Cheskin LJ, Pratt M. Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 1998;279:938–42.
  • Gortmaker SL, Must A, Sobol AM, Peterson K, Colditz GA, Dietz WH. Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986–1990. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:356–62.
  • Kiens B, Essen-Gustavsson B, Christensen NJ, Saltin B. Skeletal muscle substrate utilization during submaximal exercise in man: effect of endurance training. J Physiol. 1993;469:459–78.
  • Pilegaard H, Saltin B, Neufer DP. Exercise induces transient transcriptional activation of the PGC-1alpha gene in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2003;546:851–58.
  • Pilegaard H, Ordway GA, Saltin B, Neufer PD. Transcriptional regulation of gene expression in human skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000;279:E806–14.
  • Dela F, Larsen JJ, Mikines KJ, Ploug T, Petersen LN, Galbo H. Insulin-stimulated muscle glucose clearance in patients with NIDDM. Effects of one-legged physical training . Diabetes. 1995;44:1010–20.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.