12,216
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Primary Care

Questions and answers on iron deficiency treatment selection and the use of intravenous iron in routine clinical practice

ORCID Icon, , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 274-285 | Received 24 Sep 2020, Accepted 15 Dec 2020, Published online: 10 Jan 2021

References

  • Camaschella C. Iron-deficiency anemia. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1832–1843.
  • Cheong Y, Cameron IT, Critchley HOD. Abnormal uterine bleeding. Br Med Bull. 2019;131:119.
  • Forbes A, Escher J, Hébuterne X, et al. ESPEN guideline: clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Nutr. 2017;36:321–347.
  • Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Anemia Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int (Suppl). 2012;2:279–335.
  • Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, et al., ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2129–2200.
  • Cappellini MD, Musallam KM, Taher AT. Iron deficiency anaemia revisited. J Intern Med. 2020;287:153–170.
  • Auerbach M, Gafter-Gvili A, Macdougall IC. Intravenous iron: a framework for changing the management of iron deficiency. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7:e342–e50.
  • Muckenthaler MU, Rivella S, Hentze MW, et al. A red carpet for iron metabolism. Cell. 2017;168:344–361.
  • Oexle H, Gnaiger E, Weiss G. Iron-dependent changes in cellular energy metabolism: influence on citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999;1413:99–107.
  • Beard JL. Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning. J Nutr. 2001;131:568S–579S. discussion 80S.
  • Camaschella C. Iron deficiency. Blood. 2019;133:30–39.
  • Weiss G, Ganz T, Goodnough LT. Anemia of inflammation. Blood. 2019;133:40–50.
  • Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS, et al., British Society of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. Gut. 2011;60:1309–1316.
  • Ganz T, Nemeth E. Iron balance and the role of hepcidin in chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol. 2016;36:87–93.
  • Goodnough LT, Nemeth E, Ganz T. Detection, evaluation, and management of iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Blood. 2010;116:4754–4761.
  • Weiss G. Anemia of chronic disorders: new diagnostic tools and new treatment strategies. Semin Hematol. 2015;52:313–320.
  • Girelli D, Nemeth E, Swinkels DW. Hepcidin in the diagnosis of iron disorders. Blood. 2016;127:2809–2813.
  • Cook JD, Reddy MB. Efficacy of weekly compared with daily iron supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62:117–120.
  • Bhandari S, Pereira DIA, Chappell HF, et al. Intravenous irons: from basic science to clinical practice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel. ). 2018;11:82.
  • Sangkhae V, Nemeth E. Regulation of the iron homeostatic hormone hepcidin. Adv Nutr. 2017;8:126–136.
  • Camaschella C, Pagani A. Advances in understanding iron metabolism and its crosstalk with erythropoiesis. Br J Haematol. 2018;182:481–494.
  • Dibb M, Subramanian S. Anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2014;5:190–196.
  • Dignass AU, Gasche C, Bettenworth D, European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation [ECCO], et al. European consensus on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anaemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9:211–222.
  • Stoffel NU, Zeder C, Brittenham GM, et al. Iron absorption from supplements is greater with alternate day than with consecutive day dosing in iron-deficient anemic women. Haematologica. 2020;105:1232–1239.
  • Macdougall IC, Bock AH, Carrera F, on behalf of the FIND-CKD Study Investigators, et al. FIND-CKD: a randomized trial of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose versus oral iron in patients with chronic kidney disease and iron deficiency anaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:2075–2084.
  • Richardson D, Bartlett C, Jolly H, et al. Intravenous iron for CAPD populations: proactive or reactive strategies? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:115–119.
  • Roger SD, Tio M, Park HC, et al. Intravenous iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in haemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrology (Carlton). 2017;22:969–976.
  • Macdougall IC, White C, Anker SD, et al. Intravenous iron in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:447–458.
  • Ganz T, Aronoff GR, Gaillard CAJM, et al. Iron administration, infection, and anemia management in CKD: Untangling the effects of intravenous iron therapy on immunity and infection risk. Kidney Med. 2020;2:341–353.
  • Wish JB, Aronoff GR, Bacon BR, et al. Positive iron balance in chronic kidney disease: How much is too much and how to tell? Am J Nephrol. 2018;47:72–83.
  • Jankowska EA, Rozentryt P, Witkowska A, et al. Iron deficiency: an ominous sign in patients with systolic chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1872–1880.
  • Rocha BML, Cunha GJL, Menezes Falcão LF. The burden of iron deficiency in Heart Failure: Therapeutic Approach. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:782–793.
  • Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2436–2448.
  • Anker SD, Kirwan BA, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Effects of ferric carboxymaltose on hospitalisations and mortality rates in iron-deficient heart failure patients: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20:125–133.
  • Jankowska EA, Tkaczyszyn M, Suchocki T, et al. Effects of intravenous iron therapy in iron-deficient patients with systolic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18:786–795.
  • Kapoor M, Schleinitz MD, Gemignani A, et al. Outcomes of patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency treated with intravenous iron: a meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2013;13:35–44.
  • Ponikowski P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Comin-Colet J, for the CONFIRM-HF Investigators, et al. Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:657–668.
  • Filippatos G, Farmakis D, Colet JC, et al. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in iron-deficient chronic heart failure patients with and without anaemia: a subanalysis of the FAIR-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15:1267–1276.
  • Ponikowski P, Kirwan BA, Anker SD, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency at discharge after acute heart failure: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;396:1895–1904.
  • Lewis GD, Malhotra R, Hernandez AF, et al., for the NHLBI Heart Failure Clinical Research Network. Effect of oral iron repletion on exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency: The IRONOUT HF randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317:1958–1966.
  • Kotecha D, Ngo K, Walters JA, et al. Erythropoietin as a treatment of anemia in heart failure: systematic review of randomized trials. Am Heart J. 2011;161:822–831.e2.
  • Swedberg K, Young JB, Anand IS, et al., RED-HF Investigators. Treatment of anemia with darbepoetin alfa in systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1210–1219.
  • World Health Organisation. Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention, and control; 2001. WHO/NHD/01.3.
  • Crispin P, Stephens B, McArthur E, et al. First trimester ferritin screening for pre-delivery anaemia as a patient blood management strategy. Transfus Apher Sci. 2019;58:50–57.
  • Daru J, Zamora J, Fernandez-Felix BM, et al. Risk of maternal mortality in women with severe anaemia during pregnancy and post partum: a multilevel analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6:e548–e554.
  • Bergmann RL, Richter R, Bergmann KE, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for early postpartum anemia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;150:126–131.
  • Breymann C, Honegger C, Hosli I, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy and postpartum. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017;296:1229–1234.
  • Lewkowitz AK, Gupta A, Simon L, et al. Intravenous compared with oral iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perinatol. 2019;39:519–532.
  • Sultan P, Bampoe S, Shah R, et al. Oral vs intravenous iron therapy for postpartum anemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221:19–29.e3.
  • Holm C, Thomsen LL, Norgaard A, et al. Single-dose intravenous iron infusion or oral iron for treatment of fatigue after postpartum haemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Vox Sang. 2017;112:219–228.
  • NICE, editor. Heavy menstrual bleeding. London (UK): National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2007.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Heavy menstrual bleeding: assessment and management. NICE guideline (NG88). London; 2018 March 14, 2018.
  • Hallberg L, Hogdahl AM, Nilsson L, et al. Menstrual blood loss-a population study. Variation at different ages and attempts to define normality. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1966;45:320–351.
  • Fraser IS, McCarron G, Markham R. A preliminary study of factors influencing perception of menstrual blood loss volume. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;149:788–793.
  • Liu Z, Doan QV, Blumenthal P, et al. A systematic review evaluating health-related quality of life, work impairment, and health-care costs and utilization in abnormal uterine bleeding. Value Health. 2007;10:183–194.
  • Schoep ME, Nieboer TE, van der Zanden M, et al. The impact of menstrual symptoms on everyday life: a survey among 42,879 women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220:569 e1–e7.
  • Fraser IS, Mansour D, Breymann C, et al. Prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding and experiences of affected women in a European patient survey. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;128:196–200.
  • Henry C, Ekeroma A, Filoche S. Barriers to seeking consultation for abnormal uterine bleeding: systematic review of qualitative research. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20:123.
  • Munro MG, Critchley HO, Broder MS, et al., FIGO Working Group on Menstrual Disorders. FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2011;113:3–13.
  • Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS, Committee FMD. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;143:393–408.
  • Cancelo-Hidalgo MJ, Castelo-Branco C, Palacios S, et al. Tolerability of different oral iron supplements: a systematic review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29:291–303.
  • Shand AW, Bell J, Henry A, et al. Rapid increase in intravenous iron therapy for women of reproductive age in Australia. Med J Aust. 2020;213:85–86.
  • Chertow GM, Mason PD, Vaage-Nilsen O, et al. Update on adverse drug events associated with parenteral iron. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:378–382.
  • Wang C, Graham DJ, Kane RC, et al. Comparative risk of anaphylactic reactions associated with intravenous iron products. JAMA. 2015;314:2062–2068.
  • Patton K, Borshoff DC. Adverse drug reactions. Anaesthesia. 2018;73:76–84.
  • Avni T, Bieber A, Grossman A, et al. The safety of intravenous iron preparations: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90:12–23.
  • Morales Mateluna CA, Scherer Hofmeier K, Bircher AJ. Approach to hypersensitivity reactions from intravenous iron preparations. Allergy. 2017;72:827–830.
  • Canning M, Grannell L. A stain on iron therapy. Aust Prescr. 2020;43:160–163.
  • Eggenschwiler CDC, Dummer R, Imhof L. Use of lasers for iron-induced accidental tattoos: experience at a tertiary referral center. Dermatol Surg. 2020;46:1176–1182.
  • Fishbane S, Ungureanu VD, Maesaka JK, et al. The safety of intravenous iron dextran in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;28:529–534.
  • Szebeni J, Fishbane S, Hedenus M, et al. Hypersensitivity to intravenous iron: classification, terminology, mechanisms and management. Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172:5025–5036.
  • Auerbach M, Adamson J, Bircher A, et al. On the safety of intravenous iron, evidence trumps conjecture. Haematologica. 2015;100:e214–e215.
  • Barton JC, Barton EH, Bertoli LF, et al. Intravenous iron dextran therapy in patients with iron deficiency and normal renal function who failed to respond to or did not tolerate oral iron supplementation. Am J Med. 2000;109:27–32.
  • DeLoughery TG. Safety of Oral and Intravenous Iron. Acta Haematol. 2019;142:8–12.
  • Gómez-Ramírez S, Shander A, Spahn DR, et al. Prevention and management of acute reactions to intravenous iron in surgical patients. Blood Transfus. 2019;17:137–145.
  • Lim W, Afif W, Knowles S, et al. Canadian expert consensus: management of hypersensitivity reactions to intravenous iron in adults. Vox Sang. 2019;114:363–373.
  • Rampton D, Folkersen J, Fishbane S, et al. Hypersensitivity reactions to intravenous iron: guidance for risk minimization and management. Haematologica. 2014;99:1671–1676.
  • Auerbach M, Ballard H, Glaspy J. Clinical update: intravenous iron for anaemia. Lancet. 2007;369:1502–1504.
  • Bircher AJ, Auerbach M. Hypersensitivity from intravenous iron products. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2014;34:707–23. x–xi.
  • Drexler C, Macher S, Lindenau I, et al. High-dose intravenous versus oral iron in blood donors with iron deficiency: the IronWoMan randomized, controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2020;39:737–745.
  • Wolf M, Koch TA, Bregman DB. Effects of iron deficiency anemia and its treatment on fibroblast growth factor 23 and phosphate homeostasis in women. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28:1793–1803.
  • Rosano G, Schiefke I, Göhring UM, et al. A pooled analysis of serum phosphate measurements and potential hypophosphataemia events in 45 interventional trials with ferric carboxymaltose. J Clin Med. 2020;9:3587.
  • Zoller H, Schaefer B, Glodny B. Iron-induced hypophosphatemia: an emerging complication. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2017;26:266–275.
  • Vifor Pharma UK Ltd. Ferinject (ferric carboxymaltose) summary of product characteristics. 2020 Oct. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5910/smpc
  • Glaspy JA, Lim-Watson MZ, Libre MA, et al. Hypophosphatemia associated with intravenous iron therapies for iron deficiency anemia: a systematic literature review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2020;16:245–259.
  • Wolf M, Rubin J, Achebe M, et al. Effects of iron isomaltoside vs ferric carboxymaltose on hypophosphatemia in iron-deficiency anemia: two randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 2020;323:432–443.
  • Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, IBD guidelines eDelphi consensus group, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2019;68:s1–s106.
  • Huang LL, Lee D, Troster SM, Kent AB, et al. A controlled study of the effects of ferric carboxymaltose on bone and haematinic biomarkers in chronic kidney disease and pregnancy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018;33:1628–1635.
  • Stöhr R, Sandstede L, Heine GH, et al. High-dose ferric carboxymaltose in patients with HFrEF induces significant hypophosphatemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2270–2271.