‘Put in a room and left’: a qualitative study exploring the lived experiences of COVID-19 isolation and quarantine among rehabilitation inpatients

References

• World Health Organisation. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2022. Available from https://covid19.who.int/.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. Living guidance for clinical management of COVID-19: livingguidance, 23 November 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021
   Google Scholar
• Mouliou DS, Gourgoulianis KI. False-positive and false-negative COVID-19 cases: respiratory prevention and management strategies, vaccination, and further perspectives. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2021;15(8):993–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouliou DS, Pantazopoulos I, Gourgoulianis KI. Societal criticism towards COVID-19: assessing the theory of self-diagnosis contrasted to medical diagnosis. Diagnostics. 2021;11(10):1777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouliou DS, Pantazopoulos I, Gourgoulianis KI. Medical/surgical, cloth and FFP/(K)N95 masks: unmasking preference, SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility and respiratory side effects. JPM. 2022;12(3):325.
   Google Scholar
• Black JR, Bailey C, Przewrocka J, et al. COVID-19: the case for health-care worker screening to prevent hospital transmission. The Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1418–1420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutin AR, Stephan Y, Luchetti M, et al. Loneliness and risk of dementia. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2020;75(7):1414–1422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Mann F, Lloyd-Evans B, et al. Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):1–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alcaraz KI, Eddens KS, Blase JL, et al. Social isolation and mortality in US black and white men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(1):102–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow-Howell N, Galucia N, Swinford E. Recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic: a focus on older adults. J Aging Soc Policy. 2020;32(4–5):526–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Aging. Social isolation, loneliness in older people pose health risks. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Aging; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Courtin E, Knapp M. Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review. Health Soc Care Community. 2017;25(3):799–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh-Hunt N, Bagguley D, Bash K, et al. An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health. 2017;152:157–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S, et al. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart. 2016;102(13):1009–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, et al. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2015;10(2):227–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 2010;7(7):e1000316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gammon J. Analysis of the stressful effects of hospitalisation and source isolation on coping and psychological constructs. Int J Nurs Pract. 1998;4(2):84–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gammon J. The psychological consequences of source isolation: a review of the literature. J Clin Nurs. 1999;8(1):13–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeo M. Understanding the MRSA experience. Nurs Times. 2001;97(30):36–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miall L, McGinley N, Brownlee K, et al. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 2001;84(2):160–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelfox HT, Bates DW, Redelmeier DA. Safety of patients isolated for infection control. JAMA. 2003;290(14):1899–1905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson JE, Aslakson RA, Long AC, et al. Guidelines for family-centered care in the neonatal, pediatric, and adult ICU. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(1):103–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usher BM. Family visitation in the adult intensive care unit. Am Assoc Crit Care Nurse. 2016;36(1):E15–E9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junior APN, Besen BAMP, Robinson CC, et al. Flexible versus restrictive visiting policies in ICUs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(7):1175–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westphal GA, Moerschberger MS, Vollmann DDA, et al. Effect of a 24-h extended visiting policy on delirium in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(6):968–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe M. Impact of family presence in the healthcare setting [thesis]. 2014. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58825534.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Haines KJ. Engaging families in rehabilitation of people who are critically ill: an underutilized resource. Phys Ther. 2018;98(9):737–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster AM, Armstrong J, Buckley A, et al. Encouraging family engagement in the rehabilitation process: a rehabilitation provider’s development of support strategies for family members of people with traumatic brain injury. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34(22):1855–1862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creasy KR, Lutz BJ, Young ME, et al. Clinical implications of family‐centered care in stroke rehabilitation. Rehabil Nurs. 2015;40(6):349–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade D. Measurement in neurological rehabilitation. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy P, Hamilton LR. Psychological impact of the management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(9):617–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venturas M, Prats J, Querol E, et al. Lived experiences of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a qualitative study. IJERPH. 2021;18(20):10958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NVivo. Doncaster: QSR International Pty Ltd.; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Fan PEM, Aloweni F, Lim SH, et al. Needs and concerns of patients in isolation care units-learnings from COVID-19: a reflection. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(10):1763–1766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abad C, Fearday A, Safdar N. Adverse effects of isolation in hospitalised patients: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect. 2010;76(2):97–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeo M. The psychological impact of isolation. Nurs Times. 2003;99(7):54–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilkins E, Ellis M, Dunbar E, et al. Does isolation of patients with infections induce mental illness? J Infect. 1988;17(1):43–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano G, Houston SH, Catalano MC, et al. Anxiety and depression in hospitalized patients in resistant organism isolation. South Med J. 2003;96(2):141–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Q, Zheng Y, Shi J, et al. Immediate psychological distress in quarantined patients with COVID-19 and its association with peripheral inflammation: a mixed-method study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:17–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purssell E, Gould D, Chudleigh J. Impact of isolation on hospitalised patients who are infectious: systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2020;10(2):e030371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans HL, Shaffer MM, Hughes MG, et al. Contact isolation in surgical patients: a barrier to care? Surgery. 2003;134(2):180–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett R, Uink B, Cross S. Beyond the social: cumulative implications of COVID-19 for first nations university students in Australia. Soc Sci Humanities Open. 2020;2(1):100083.
   Google Scholar
• Panzeri A, Ferrario SR, editors. Supporting rehabilitation patients with COVID-19 during the pandemic: experiences from a technology-based psychological approach. 2nd Symposium of Psychology-Based Technologies, PSYCHOBIT; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Newton J, Constable D, Senior V. Patients’ perceptions of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and source isolation: a qualitative analysis of source-isolated patients. J Hosp Infect. 2001;48(4):275–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar