Association between body mass index, metabolic syndrome and common urologic conditions: a cross-sectional study using a large multi-institutional database from the United States

References

• Saklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(2):1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobley D, Baum N. The obesity epidemic and its impact on urologic care. Rev Urol. 2015;17(3):165–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Products - Health E Stats - prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 1960–1962 Through 2017–2018 [Internet]; 2021 [cited 2022 Feb 26]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity-adult-17-18/obesity-adult.htm
   Google Scholar
• Moore JX. Metabolic syndrome prevalence by race/ethnicity and sex in the United States, national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–2012. Prev Chronic Dis [Internet]. 2017; [cited 2022 Feb 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2017/16_0287.htm
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Zeltser LM, et al. Obesity pathogenesis: an endocrine society scientific statement. Endocr Rev. 2017;38(4):267–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein EA, Fiebelkorn IC, Wang G. National medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity: how much, and who’s paying? Health Aff. 2003;(Suppl Web Exclusives):W3.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf AM, Colditz GA. Current estimates of the economic cost of obesity in the United States. Obes Res. 1998;6(2):97–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• USCS Data Visualizations [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 27]. Available from: https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/USCS/DataViz.html
   Google Scholar
• Rule AD, Lieske JC, Pais VM. Management of kidney stones in 2020. J Am Med Assoc . 2020;323(19):1961–1962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu XF, Liu GX, Guo YS, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence and year lived with disability for benign prostatic hyperplasia from 1990 to 2019. Am J Mens Health. 2021;15(4):15579883211036786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen HMT, Gabrielson AT, Hellstrom WJG. Erectile dysfunction in young men-a review of the prevalence and risk factors. Sex Med Rev. 2017;5(4):508–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorbachinsky I, Akpinar H, Assimos DG. Metabolic syndrome and urologic diseases. Rev Urol. 2010;12(4):e157–e180.
   Google Scholar
• Lee IM, Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS. A prospective cohort study of physical activity and body size in relation to prostate cancer risk (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12(2):187–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rendina D, Mossetti G, De Filippo G, et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and nephrolithiasis in an inpatient population in Southern Italy: role of gender, hypertension and abdominal obesity. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(3):900–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai M, Cui R, Yang P, et al. Incidence and risk factors of hypogonadism in male patients with latent autoimmune diabetes and classic type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:675525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel M, Nocera L, Collà Ruvolo C, et al. Incidence rates and contemporary trends in primary urethral cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2021;32(6):627–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih HJ, Lin KH, Wen YC, et al. Increased risk of bladder cancer in young adult men with hyperlipidemia: a population-based cohort study. Medicine. 2021;100(48):e28125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim G, Lee JS, Lee SK. A technology-mediated interventional approach to the prevention of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• admin. Publication Guidelines [Internet]. TriNetX [cited 2022. Jul 27]. Available from: https://trinetx.com/real-world-resources/publications/trinetx-publication-guidelines/
   Google Scholar
• Wang L, Davis PB, Kaelber DC, et al. Comparison of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccines on breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalizations, and death during the Delta-Predominant period. J Am Med Assoc. 2022;327(7):678–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Kaelber DC, Xu R, et al. Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalizations, and mortality in vaccinated patients with cancer in the US between December 2020 and November 2021. JAMA Oncol. 2022;8(7):1027–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng CD. Stratification of BMI categories among older adults within and across countries. Public Health Nutr. 2020;23(2):254–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampselle CM, Harlow SD, Skurnick J, et al. Urinary incontinence predictors and life impact in ethnically diverse perimenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100(6):1230–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuh D, Cardozo L, Hardy R. Urinary incontinence in middle aged women: childhood enuresis and other lifetime risk factors in a british prospective cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(8):453–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noblett KL, Jensen JK, Ostergard DR. The relationship of body mass index to intra-abdominal pressure as measured by multichannel cystometry. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1997;8(6):323–326.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ströher RLM, Sartori MGF, Takano CC, et al. Metabolic syndrome in women with and without stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 2020;31(1):173–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JS, Grady D, Ouslander JG, et al. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women. Heart & estrogen/progestin replacement study (HERS) research group. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94(1):66–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danforth KN, Townsend MK, Curhan GC, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2009;181(1):193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell CR, Kim A, Roth J, et al. Ossabaw pig demonstrates detrusor fibrosis and detrusor underactivity associated with oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome. Comp Med. 2020;70(5):329–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macleod LC, Hotaling JM, Wright JL, et al. Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in the VITAL study. J Urol. 2013;190(5):1657–1661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendriks SH, Schrijnders D, van Hateren KJ, et al. Association between body mass index and obesity-related cancer risk in men and women with type 2 diabetes in primary care in the Netherlands: a cohort study (ZODIAC-56). BMJ Open. 2018;8(1):e018859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Sun Q, Hou H, et al. The association between BMI and kidney cancer risk: an updated dose-response meta-analysis in accordance with PRISMA guideline. Medicine. 2018;97(44):e12860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Li N, Wen Y[, et al. Metabolic syndrome components and renal cell cancer risk in Chinese males: a population-based prospective study. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2020;54(6):638–643.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graff RE, Sanchez A, Tobias DK, et al. Type 2 diabetes in relation to the risk of renal cell carcinoma among men and women in two large prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(7):1432–1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joh HK, Willett WC, Cho E. Type 2 diabetes and the risk of renal cell cancer in women. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(7):1552–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayan M, Punjani N, Juurlink DN, et al. Statin use and kidney cancer survival outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017;52:105–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boi SK, Orlandella RM, Gibson JT, et al. Obesity diminishes response to PD-1-based immunotherapies in renal cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8(2):e000725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Body size and risk of kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9(9):1645–1652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aune D, Mahamat-Saleh Y, Norat T, et al. Body fatness, diabetes, physical activity and risk of kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(11):1033–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones. JAMA. 2005; 293(4):455–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Doo SW, Yang WJ, et al. The relationship between urinary stone components and visceral adipose tissue using computed tomography–based fat delineation. Urology. 2014;l84(1):27–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West B, Luke A, Durazo-Arvizu RA, et al. Metabolic syndrome and self-reported history of kidney stones: the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III) 1988-1994. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51(5):741–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int. 2005;68(3):1230–1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappuccio FP, Siani A, Barba G, et al. A prospective study of hypertension and the incidence of kidney stones in men. J Hypertens. 1999;17(7):1017–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobulescu IA, Dubree M, Zhang J, et al. Reduction of renal triglyceride accumulation: effects on proximal tubule Na+/H + exchange and urinary acidification. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009;297(5):F1419–F1426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, et al. Low urine pH: a novel feature of the metabolic syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(5):883–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrageta DF, Oliveira PF, Alves MG, et al. Obesity and male hypogonadism: tales of a vicious cycle. Obes Rev. 2019;20(8):1148–1158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumoff B, Miller LK, Strain GW. Reversal of the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of obese men by administration of the aromatase inhibitor testolactone. Metabolism. 2003;52(9):1126–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad F, Aversa A, Isidori AM, et al. Testosterone as potential effective therapy in treatment of obesity in men with testosterone deficiency: a review. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2012;8(2):131–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Blood pressure and endogenous testosterone in men: an inverse relationship. J Hypertens. 1988;6(4):329–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon D, Preziosi P, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Interrelation between plasma testosterone and plasma insulin in healthy adult men: the telecom study. Diabetologia. 1992;35(2):173–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor D, Clarke S, Stanworth R, et al. The effect of testosterone replacement therapy on adipocytokines and C-reactive protein in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;156(5):595–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton CB, Liu YL, Mittleman MA, et al. A retrospective study of the relationship between biomarkers of atherosclerosis and erectile dysfunction in 988 men. Int J Impot Res. 2007;19(2):218–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman HA, Johannes CB, Derby CA, et al. Erectile dysfunction and coronary risk factors: prospective results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Prev Med. 2000;30(4):328–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson SO, Wolk A, Bergström R, et al. Body size and prostate cancer: a 20-year follow-up study among 135006 Swedish construction workers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89(5):385–389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacInnis RJ, English DR. Body size and composition and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2006;17(8):989–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(5):489–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laukkanen JA, Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, et al. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of prostate cancer in Finnish men: a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(10):1646–1650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito K, Chiodini P, Capuano A, et al. Effect of metabolic syndrome and its components on prostate cancer risk: meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013;36(2):132–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin RM, Vatten L, Gunnell D, et al. Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of prostate cancer: the HUNT 2 cohort, Norway. Cancer Causes Control. 2009;20(7):1181–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper JS, Liu Y, Giovannucci E. Diabetes mellitus and risk of prostate cancer in the health professionals follow-up study. Int J Cancer. 2009;124(6):1398–1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troisi RJ, Weiss ST, Parker DR, et al. Relation of obesity and diet to sympathetic nervous system activity. Hypertension. 1991;17(5):669–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanc-Lapierre A, Spence A, Karakiewicz PI, et al. Metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in Montreal, Canada. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao L, Tian X, Duan X, et al. Association of body mass index with bladder cancer risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Oncotarget. 2017;8(20):33990–34000.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun JW, Zhao LG, Yang Y, et al. Obesity and risk of bladder cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of 15 cohort studies. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0119313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotan Y. Metabolic syndrome and bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2021;128(1):1–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill E, Sandhu G, Ward DG, et al. The sirenic links between diabetes, obesity, and bladder cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(20):11150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Sun J, Li M, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein links hypercholesterolemia and bladder cancer aggressiveness by promoting cancer stemness. Cancer Res. 2021;81(22):5720–5732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok VC, Zhang HW, Lin CT, et al. Positive association between hypertension and urinary bladder cancer: epidemiologic evidence involving 79,236 propensity score-matched individuals. Ups J Med Sci. 2018;123(2):109–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick CN, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, et al. Prospective study of body mass index, height, physical activity and incidence of bladder cancer in US men and women. Int J Cancer. 2007;120(1):140–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al. Body fatness and cancer – viewpoint of the IARC working group. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(8):794–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristal AR, Arnold KB, Schenk JM, et al. Race/ethnicity, obesity, health related behaviors and the risk of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. J Urol. 2007;177(4):1395–1400; quiz 1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozden C, Ozdal OL, Urgancioglu G, et al. The correlation between metabolic syndrome and prostatic growth in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 2007;51(1):199–203. discussion 204–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodziewicz TL, Houseman B, Hipskind JE. Medical error reduction and prevention. In: statPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): statPearls Publishing; 2022 [cited 2023 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499956/
   Google Scholar
• Hernández Ruiz de Eguilaz M, Batlle M, Martínez de Morentin MA[, et al. Alimentary and lifestyle changes as a strategy in the prevention of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2: milestones and perspectives. An Sist Sanit Navar. 2016;39(2):269–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar