Evaluation of the transmissibility of norovirus and the effectiveness of prevention and control measures for schools in Jiangsu Province

References

• Ahmed SM, Hall AJ, Robinson AE, et al. Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(8):1–12. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70767-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen GT, Phan K, Teng I, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis in developing countries. Medicine. 2017;96(40):e8139. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall AJ, Vinjé J, Lopman B, et al. Updated norovirus outbreak management and disease prevention guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011;60(RR-3):1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Morillo SG, Timenetsky MCST Norovirus: an overview. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2011;57(4):453–458. doi: 10.1590/s0104-42302011000400023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddle MS, Walker RI. Status of vaccine research and development for norovirus. Vaccine. 2016;34(26):2895–2899. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teunis PF, Moe CL, Liu P, et al. Norwalk virus: how infectious is it? J Med Virol. 2008;80(8):1468–1476. doi: 10.1002/jmv.21237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banyai K, Estes MK, Martella V, et al. Viral gastroenteritis. Lancet. 2018;392(10142):175–186. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31128-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yezli S, Otter JA. Minimum infective dose of the major human respiratory and enteric viruses transmitted through food and the environment. Food Environ Virol. 2011;3(1):1–30. doi: 10.1007/s12560-011-9056-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin SW, Chan TC, Cai J, et al. Genotypic and epidemiological trends of acute gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses in China from 2006 to 2016. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(11):1341. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14111341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin M, Wu S, Kong X, et al. Norovirus outbreak surveillance, China, 2016-2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(3):437–445. doi: 10.3201/eid2603.191183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu F, Jiang B, Guo X, et al. Norovirus outbreaks in China, 2000-2018: a systematic review. Rev Med Virol. 2022;32(6):e2382. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Zhang R, Zhou Z, et al. Assessment on transmission capacity of norovirus infection and effect of control measures in schools. Chin J Public Health. 2021;37(4):702. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1131517.
   Google Scholar
• Yu G, Chen T, Zhu Y, et al. Effect of prevention and control measures of a norovirus infectious outbreak based on dynamic model disease surveillance. 2021;36(12):1312–1318. doi: 10.3784/jbjc.202103040101.
   Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Zhu Y, Lei Z, et al. Investigation and analysis on an outbreak of norovirus infection in a health school in Guangdong province, China. Infect Genet Evol. 2021;96:105135. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ai J, Zhu Y, Fu J, et al. Study of risk factors for total attack rate and transmission dynamics of norovirus outbreaks, Jiangsu province, China, from 2012 to 2018. Front Med. 2021;8:786096. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.786096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaythorpe KAM, Trotter CL, Lopman B, et al. Norovirus transmission dynamics: a modelling review. Epidemiol Infect. 2018;146(2):147–158. doi: 10.1017/S0950268817002692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutson AM, Atmar RL, Estes MK. Norovirus disease: changing epidemiology and host susceptibility factors. Trends Microbiol. 2004;12(6):279–287. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caul EO. Small round structured viruses: airborne transmission and hospital control. Lancet. 1994;343(8908):1240–1242. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92146-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atmar RL, Opekun AR, Gilger MA, et al. Norwalk virus shedding after experimental human infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(10):1553–1557. doi: 10.3201/eid1410.080117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham DY, Jiang X, Tanaka T, et al. Norwalk virus infection of volunteers: new insights based on improved assays. J Infect Dis. 1994;170(1):34–43. doi: 10.1093/infdis/170.1.34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips G, Lopman B, Tam CC, et al. Diagnosing norovirus-associated infectious intestinal disease using viral load. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:63. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atmar RL, Estes MK. The epidemiologic and clinical importance of norovirus infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2006;35(2):275–290, viii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2006.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JE, Schonberger LB, Varano G, et al. An outbreak of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in a nursing home. Demonstration of person-to-person transmission by temporal clustering of cases. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116(6):940–948. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockx B, De Wit M, Vennema H, et al. Natural history of human calicivirus infection: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(3):246–253. doi: 10.1086/341408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopman BA, Reacher MH, Vipond IB, et al. Clinical manifestation of norovirus gastroenteritis in health care settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(3):318–324. doi: 10.1086/421948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JE, Feldman R, Campbell DS, et al. The frequency of a norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Am J Public Health. 1982;72(12):1329–1332. doi: 10.2105/ajph.72.12.1329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalling J. A review of environmental contamination during outbreaks of norwalk-like virus. British Journal of Infection Control. 2004;5(2):9–13. doi: 10.1177/14690446040050020301.
   Google Scholar
• Mattison K, Karthikeyan K, Abebe M, et al. Survival of calicivirus in foods and on surfaces: experiments with feline calicivirus as a surrogate for norovirus. J Food Prot. 2007;70(2):500–503. doi: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.2.500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Souza DH, Sair A, Williams K, et al. Persistence of caliciviruses on environmental surfaces and their transfer to food. Int J Food Microbiol. 2006;108(1):84–91. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.10.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu HM, Fornek M, Schwab KJ, et al. A norovirus outbreak at a long-term-care facility: the role of environmental surface contamination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26(10):802–810. doi: 10.1086/502497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones EL, Kramer A, Gaither M, et al. Role of fomite contamination during an outbreak of norovirus on houseboats. Int J Environ Health Res. 2007;17(2):123–131. doi: 10.1080/09603120701219394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallimore CI, Taylor C, Gennery AR, et al. Environmental monitoring for gastroenteric viruses in a pediatric primary immunodeficiency unit. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(2):395–399. doi: 10.1128/JCM.44.2.395-399.2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuusi M, Nuorti JP, Maunula L, et al. A prolonged outbreak of norwalk-like calicivirus (NLV) gastroenteritis in a rehabilitation Centre due to environmental contamination. Epidemiol Infect. 2002;129(1):133–138. doi: 10.1017/s0950268802007276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheesbrough JS, Green J, Gallimore CI, et al. Widespread environmental contamination with norwalk-like viruses (NLV) detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;125(1):93–98. doi: 10.1017/s095026889900432x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green J, Wright PA, Gallimore CI, et al. The role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. J Hosp Infect. 1998;39(1):39–45. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6701(98)90241-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Litvinova M, Liang Y, et al. Changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Science. 2020;368(6498):1481–1486. doi: 10.1126/science.abb8001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lysen M, Thorhagen M, Brytting M, et al. Genetic diversity among food-borne and waterborne norovirus strains causing outbreaks in Sweden. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(8):2411–2418. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02168-08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J, Peng J, Fang L, et al. Capturing noroviruses cir­culating in the population: sewage surveillance in Guangdong, China (2013–2018). Water Res. 2021;196:116990. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towers S, Chen J, Cruz C, et al. Quantifying the relative effects of environmental and direct transmission of norovirus. R Soc Open Sci. 2018;5(3):170602. doi: 10.1098/rsos.170602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T, Gu H, Leung RK, et al. Evidence-based interventions of norovirus outbreaks in China. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1072. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3716-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fu J, Bao C, Huo X, et al. Increasing recombinant strains emerged in norovirus outbreaks in Jiangsu, China: 2015–2018. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):20012. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56544-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fu JG, Shi C, Xu C, et al. Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis associated with a re-emerging GII.P16-GII.2 norovirus in the spring of 2017 in Jiangsu, China. PLOS One. 2017;12(12):e0186090. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang X, Ai J, Liu W, et al. Epidemiology of infectious diarrhoea and the relationship with etiological and meteorological factors in Jiangsu province, China. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):19571. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56207-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar