557
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Public Health

The physician gender pay gap in Maryland: current state and future directions

ORCID Icon, , , &
Article: 2258923 | Received 27 Jun 2023, Accepted 10 Sep 2023, Published online: 02 Oct 2023

References

  • Lo Sasso AT, Richards MR, Chou CF, et al. The $16,819 pay gap for newly trained physicians: the unexplained trend of men earning more than women. Health Aff. 2011;30(2):1–10. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0597.
  • Catenaccio E, Rochlin JM, Simon HK. Addressing gender-based disparities in earning potential in academic medicine. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(2):e220067. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0067.
  • Frintner MP, Sisk B, Byrne BJ, et al. Gender differences in earnings of early- and midcareer pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2019;144(4):e20183955. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-3955.
  • Weeks WB, Wallace AE. Race and gender differences in general internists’ annual incomes. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(11):1167–1171. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00592.x.
  • Seabury SA, Chandra A, Jena AB. Trends in the earnings of male and female health care professionals in the United States, 1987 to 2010. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(18):1748–1750. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.8519.
  • Jagsi R, Griffith KA, Stewart A, et al. Gender differences in the salaries of physician researchers. JAMA. 2012;307(22):2410–2417. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.6183.
  • Spencer ES, Deal AM, Pruthi NR, et al. Gender differences in compensation, job satisfaction and other practice patterns in urology. J Urol. 2016;195(2):450–455. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.08.100.
  • Bravender T, Selkie E, Sturza J, et al. Association of salary differences between medical specialties with sex distribution. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(5):524–525. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5683.
  • Jena AB, Olenski AR, Blumenthal DM. Sex differences in physician salary in US public medical schools. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(9):1294–1304. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.3284.
  • Staiger DO, Auerbach DI, Buerhaus PI. Trends in the work hours of physicians in the United States. JAMA. 2010;303(8):747–753. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.168.
  • Warner AS, Lehmann LS. Gender wage disparities in medicine: time to close the gap. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(7):1334–1336. doi: 10.1007/s11606-019-04940-9.
  • Baker LC. Differences in earnings between male and female physicians. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(15):960–964. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199604113341506.
  • Ohsfeldt RL, Culler SD. Differences in income between male and female physicians. J Health Econ. 1986;5(4):335–346. doi: 10.1016/0167-6296(86)90008-1.
  • Weeks WB, Wallace TA, Wallace AE. How do race and sex affect the earnings of primary care physicians? Health Aff. 2009;28(2):557–566. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.28.2.557.
  • Ly DP, Seabury SA, Jena AB. Differences in incomes of physicians in the United States by race and sex: observational study. BMJ. 2016;353:i2923. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2923.
  • Mascarenhas A, Moore JE, Tricco AC, et al. Perceptions and experiences of a gender gap at a Canadian research institute and potential strategies to mitigate this gap: a sequential mixed-methods study. CMAJ Open. 2017;5(1):E144–E151. doi: 10.9778/cmajo.20160114.
  • Rimmer A. Five facts about the gender pay gap in UK medicine. BMJ. 2016;354:i3878. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i3878.
  • Okoshi K, Nomura K, Taka F, et al. Suturing the gender gap: income, marriage, and parenthood among japanese surgeons. Surgery. 2016;159(5):1249–1259. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.12.020.
  • Ness RB, Ukoli F, Hunt S, et al. Salary equity among male and female internists in Pennsylvania. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(2):104–110. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-00009.
  • Rotbart HA, McMillen D, Taussig H, et al. Assessing gender equity in a large academic department of pediatrics. Acad Med. 2012;87(1):98–104. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31823be028.
  • Hoops HE, Brasel KJ, Dewey E, et al. Analysis of gender-based differences in surgery faculty compensation, promotion, and retention: establishing equity. Ann Surg. 2018;268(3):479–487. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002920.
  • Wright AL, Schwindt LA, Bassford TL, et al. Gender differences in academic advancement: patterns, causes, and potential solutions in one US college of medicine. Acad Med. 2003;78(5):500–508. doi: 10.1097/00001888-200305000-00015.
  • Ranasinghe PD, Zhou A. Women physicians and the COVID-19 pandemic: gender-based impacts and potential interventions. Ann Med. 2023;55(1):319–324. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2164046.
  • Kurtz J. Survey shows large pay gap between male and female physicians in Maryland. Maryland Matters. 2023. Available from: https://www.marylandmatters.org/2018/08/01/survey-shows-large-pay-gap-between-male-and-female-physicians-in-maryland/
  • Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: a cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:11–17. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028.
  • Ganguli I, Mulligan KL, Phillips RL, et al. How the gender wage gap for primary care physicians differs by compensation approach: a microsimulation study. Ann Intern Med. 2022;175(8):1135–1142. doi: 10.7326/M22-0664.
  • Apaydin EA, Chen PGC, Friedberg MW. Differences in physician income by gender in a multiregion survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(9):1574–1581. doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4462-2.
  • Muench U, Sindelar J, Busch SH, et al. Salary differences between male and female registered nurses in the United States. JAMA. 2015;313(12):1265–1267. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.1487.
  • Ly DP, Jena AB. Sex differences in time spent on household activities and care of children among US physicians, 2003-2016. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(10):1484–1487. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.02.018.
  • Lachish S, Svirko E, Goldacre MJ, et al. Factors associated with less-than-full-time working in medical practice: results of surveys of five cohorts of UK doctors, 10 years after graduation. Hum Resour Health. 2016;14(1):62. doi: 10.1186/s12960-016-0162-3.
  • Frank E, Zhao Z, Sen S, et al. Gender disparities in work and parental status among early career physicians. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(8):e198340. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.8340.
  • Jagsi R, Griffith KA, Jones R, et al. Sexual harassment and discrimination experiences of academic medical faculty. JAMA. 2016;315(19):2120–2121. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.2188.
  • Morgan AU, Chaiyachati KH, Weissman GE, et al. Eliminating gender-based bias in academic medicine: more than naming the “elephant in the room”. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(6):966–968. doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4411-0.
  • Jolly S, Griffith KA, DeCastro R, et al. Gender differences in time spent on parenting and domestic responsibilities by high-achieving young physician-researchers. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(5):344–353. doi: 10.7326/M13-0974.
  • Linzer M, Harwood E. Gendered expectations: do they contribute to high burnout among female physicians? J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(6):963–965. doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4330-0.
  • Cohen M, Kiran T. Closing the gender pay gap in Canadian medicine. CMAJ. 2020;192(35):E1011–E1017. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.200375.
  • Valle L, Weng J, Jagsi R, et al. Assessment of differences in clinical activity and medicare payments among female and male radiation oncologists. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(3):e190932. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0932.
  • Sinsky CA, Dugdale DC. Medicare payment for cognitive vs procedural care: minding the gap. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(18):1733–1737. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.9257.
  • Ganguli I, Neprash HT. Physician work hours and the gender pay gap—evidence from primary care. Reply. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2688–2689. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2032395.
  • Roter DL, Hall JA, Aoki Y. Physician gender effects in medical communication: a meta-analytic review. JAMA. 2002;288(6):756–764. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.6.756.
  • Jefferson L, Bloor K, Birks Y, et al. Effect of physicians’ gender on communication and consultation length: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2013;18(4):242–248. doi: 10.1177/1355819613486465.
  • Roter DL, Hall JA. Physician gender and patient-centered communication: a critical review of empirical research. Annu Rev Public Health. 2004;25(1):497–519. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123134.
  • Tait SD, Oshima SM, Ren Y, et al. Electronic health record use by sex among physicians in an academic health care system. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(2):288–290. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5036.
  • Lasser KE, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU. Sources of U.S. physician income: the contribution of government payments to the specialist-generalist income gap. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(9):1477–1481. doi: 10.1007/s11606-008-0660-7.
  • Roy B. Gender pay gaps in medicine: moving from explanations to action. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(9):1413–1414. doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4579-3.
  • Wiler JL, Rounds K, McGowan B, et al. Continuation of gender disparities in pay among academic emergency medicine physicians. Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26(3):286–292. doi: 10.1111/acem.13694.
  • Jagsi R, Biga C, Poppas A, et al. Work activities and compensation of male and female cardiologists. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(5):529–541. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.038.
  • Kaplan SH, Sullivan LM, Dukes KA, et al. Sex differences in academic advancement. Results of a national study of pediatricians. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(17):1282–1289. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199610243351706.
  • Laver KE, Prichard IJ, Cations M, et al. A systematic review of interventions to support the careers of women in academic medicine and other disciplines. BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):e020380. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020380.
  • Valantine HA, Grewal D, Ku MC, et al. The gender gap in academic medicine: comparing results from a multifaceted intervention for Stanford faculty to peer and national cohorts. Acad Med. 2014;89(6):904–911. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000245.