Stress and alcohol drinking

References

• Eckardt MJ, File SE, Gessa GL, Grant KA, Guerri C, Hoffman PL, et al. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 199822: 998–1040.
   Google Scholar
• Conger JJ. Reinforcement theory and the dynamics of alcoholism. Q J Stud Alcohol 1956;17:296–305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jose BS, van Oers HH, van de Mheen HD, Garretsen HF, Mackenbach JP. Stressors and alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol 2000;35:307–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Doherty F. Is drug use a response to stress? Drug Alcohol Depend 1991;29:97–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob GF. Alcoholism: allostasis and beyond. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003;27:232–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Witte PH, Pinto E, Ansseau M, Verbanck P. Alcohol and withdrawal: from animal research to clinical issues. Neuro-sci Biobehav Rev 2003;27:189–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsigos C, Chrousos GP. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J Psychosom Res 2002;53:865–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anisman H, Merali Z. Understanding stress: characteristics and caveats. Alcohol Res Health 1999;23:241–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herman JP, Cullinan WE. Neurocirciutry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Trends Neurosci 1997;20:78–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitnall MH. Regulation of the hypothalamic corticotro-pin-releasing hormone neurosecretory system. Prog Neuro-biol 1993;40:573–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero LM, Sapolsky RM. Patterns of ACTH secretagog secretion in response to psychological stimuli. J Neuroendo-crinol 1996;8:243–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Kloet ER. Stress in the brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2000;405: 187–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaouloff F. Physiopharmacological interactions between stress hormones and central serotonergic systems. Brain Res Rev 1993;18:1–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pacak K. Stressor-specific activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Physiol Res 2000;49:S11–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman JP, Tasker JG, Ziegler DR, Cullinan WE. Local circuit regulation of paraventricular nucleus stress integra-tion: glutamate-GABA connections. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002;71:457–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianoulakis C. Alcohol-seeking behavior: The roles of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the endogenous opioid system. Alcohol Res Health 1998;22:203–10.
   Google Scholar
• De Witte P. The role of neurotransmitters in alcohol depen-dence: animal research. Alcohol Alcohol 1996;31:13–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarnyai Z, Shaham Y, Heinrichs SC. The role of cortico-tropin-releasing factor in drug addiction. Pharmacol Rev 2001;53:209–43.
   Google Scholar
• Levenson RW, Sher KJ, Grossman LM, Newman J, Newlin DB. Alcohol and stress response dampening: pharmacologi-cal effects, expectancy, and tension reduction. J Abnorm Psychol 1980;89:528–38.
   Google Scholar
• Pohorecky LA. Stress and alcohol interaction: an update of human research. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991;15:438–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltman C, Blevins LS Jr, Boyd G, Wand GS. The effects of mild ethanol intoxication on the hypothlamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in nonalcoholic men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:518–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inder WJ, Joyce PR, Wells JE, Ellis MJ, Mattioli L, Donald RA. The acute effects of oral ethanol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in normal human subjects. Clin Endocrinol 1995;42:65–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rivier C. Alcohol stimulates ACTH secretion in the rat: mechanisms of action and interactions with other stimuli. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996;20:240–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer RL, McEwen BS. Adaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to chronic ethanol stress. Neuroendo-crinology 1990;52:481–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Franck J, Spangler R, Maggos CE, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Reduced hypothalamic POMC and anterior pituitary CRF1 receptor mRNA levels after acute, but not chronic, daily "binge" intragastric alcohol administration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24:1575–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee S, Rivier C. An initial, three-day-long treatment with alcohol induces a long-lasting phenomenon of selective tolerance in the activity of the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Neurosci 1997;17:8856–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuckit MA, Gold E, Risch C. Plasma cortisol levels following ethanol in sons of alcoholics and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:942–5.
   Google Scholar
• Dai X, Thavundayil J, Gianoulakis C. Response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to stress in the absence and presence of ethanol in subjects at high and low risk of alcoholism. Neuropsychopharmacol 2002;27:442–52.
   Google Scholar
• Wand GS, Dobs AS. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in actively drinking alcoholics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:1290–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann U, Hundt W, Spring K, Grabner A, Holsboer F. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system adaptation to detoxification in alcohol-dependent patients is affected by family history of alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry 2003;53:75–84.
   Google Scholar
• Hundt W, Zimmermann U, Poettig M, Spring K, Holsboer F. The combined dexamethasone-suppression/CRH-stimula-tion test in alcoholics during and after acute withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25:687–91.
   Google Scholar
• von Bardeleben U, Heuser I, Holsboer F. Human CRH stimulation response during acute withdrawal and after medium-term abstention from alcohol abuse. Psychoneuro-endocrinology 1989;14:441–9.
   Google Scholar
• Costa A, Bono G, Martignoni E, Merlo P, Sances G, Nappi G. An assessment of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning in non-depressed, early abstinent alcoholics. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1996;21:263–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich H, Schuck J, Stender N, Pilz J, Gefeller 0, Schilling L, et al. Endocrine and hemodynamic effects of stress versus systemic CRF in alcoholics during early and medium term abstinence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997; 21: 1285–93.
   Google Scholar
• Merlo Pith E, Lorang M, Yeganeh M, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Raber J, Koob GF, et al. Increase of extracellular corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity levels in the amygdala of awake rats during restraint stress and ethanol withdrawal as measured by microdialysis. J Neuro-sci 1995;15:5439–47.
   Google Scholar
• Ryabinin AE, Bachtell RK, Heinrichs SC, Lee S, Rivier C, Olive MF, et al. The corticotropin-releasing factor/urocortin system and alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002;26:714–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilig M, Thorsell A. Brain neuropeptide Y (NPY) in stress and alcohol dependence. Rev Neurosci 2002;13:85–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob GF. Neurobiology of addiction. Toward the develop-ment of new therapies. Ann NY Acad Sci 2000;909:170–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob GF, Le Moal M. Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001;24: 97–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise RA. Neurobiology of addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1996;6:243–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge KC, Robinson TE. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Res Rev 1998;28:309–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob GF, Sanna PP, Bloom FE. Neuroscience of addiction. Neuron 1998;21:467–76.
   Google Scholar
• Nestler EJ. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity under-lying addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001;2:119–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everitt BJ, Wolf ME. Psychomotor stimulant addiction: a neural systems perspective. J Neurosci 2002;22:3312–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazza PV, Le Moal M. The role of stress in drug self-administration. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1998;19:67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips TJ, Roberts A J, Lessov CN. Behavioral sensitization to ethanol: genetics and the effects of stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997;57:487–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazza PV, Le Moal M. Pathophysiological basis of vulner-ability to drug abuse: role of an interaction between stress, glucocorticoids, and dopaminergic neurons. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1996;36:359–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinelli M, Piazza PV. Interaction between glucocorticoid hormones, stress and psychostimulant drugs. Eur J Neurosci 2002;16:387–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saal D, Dong Y, Bonci A, Malenka RC. Drugs of abuse and stress trigger a common synaptic adaptation in dopamine neurons. Neuron 2003;37:577–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpicelli J, Balaraman G, Hahn J, Wallace H, Bux D. The role of uncontrollable trauma in the development of PTSD and alcohol addiction. Alcohol Res Health 1999;23:256–62.
   Google Scholar
• De Bellis MD. Developmental traumatology: a contributory mechanism for alcohol and substance use disorders. Psycho-neuroendocrinology 2002;27:155–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon HW. Early environmental stress and biological vulnerability to drug abuse. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2002;27:115–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meaney MJ, Mitchell JB, Aitken DH, Bhatnagar S, Bodnoff SR, my LJ, et al. The effects of neonatal handling on the development of the adrenocortical response to stress: implications for neuropathology and cognitive deficits in later life. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1991;16:85–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez JF, Akil H, Watson SJ. Neural circuits mediating stress. Biol Psychiatry 1999;46:1461–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen BS. Effects of adverse experiences for brain structure and function. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48:721–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pani L, Porcella A, Gessa GL. The role of stress in the pathophysiology of the dopaminergic system. Mol Psychiatry 2000;5:14–21.
   Google Scholar
• Heim C, Nemeroff CB. Neurobiology of early life stress: clinical studies. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 2002;7:147–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorman JM, Mathew S, Coplan J. Neurobiology of early life stress: nonhuman primate models. Semin Clin Neuropsy-chiatry 2002;7:96–103.
   Google Scholar
• Makino S, Hashimoto K, Gold PW. Multiple feedback mechanisms activating corticotropin-releasing hormone sys-tem in the brain during stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002;73:147–58.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart SH. Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: a critical review. Psychol Bull 1996;120:83–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaschkow JW, Baker D, Geracioti TD Jr. Corticotropin-releasing hormone in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Peptides. 2001;22:845–51.
   Google Scholar
• Timpl P, Spanagel R, Sillaber I, Kresse A, Reul JM, Stalla GK, et al. Impaired stress response and reduced anxiety in mice lacking a functional corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1. Nat Genet 1998;19:162–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillaber I, Rammes G, Zimmermann S, Mahal B, Zieglgäns-berger W, Wurst W, et al. Enhanced and delayed stress-induced alcohol drinking in mice lacking functional CRH1 receptors. Science 2002;296: 931–3.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman MS, Brown SA, Christiansen BA, Smith GT. Alcoholism and memory: broadening the scope of alcohol-expectancy research. Psychol Bull 1991;110:137–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peele S, Brodsky A. Exploring psychological benefits asso-ciated with moderate alcohol use: a necessary corrective to assessments of drinking outcomes? Drug Alcohol Depend 2000;60:221–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayette MA. Does drinking reduce stress? Alcohol Res Health 1999;23:250–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steele CM, Josephs RA. Drinking your troubles away II: An attention-allocation model of alcohol's effect on psycho-logical stress. J Abnorm Psychol 1988;97:196–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayette MA. An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol's effects on stress responses in social drinkers. Psychol Bull 1993;114:459–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson RW, Oyama ON, Meek PS. Greater reinforcement from alcohol for those at risk: parental risk and sex. J Abnorm Psychol 1987;96:242–53.
   Google Scholar
• Schuckit MA, Gold E, Risch C. Plasma cortisol levels following ethanol in sons of alcoholics and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:942–5.
   Google Scholar
• Finn PR, Zeitouni NC, Pihl RO. Effects of alcohol on psychosocial hyperreactivity to nonaversive and aversive stimuli in men at high risk for alcoholism. J Abnorm Psychol 1990;99:79–85.
   Google Scholar
• Sayette MA, Breslin FC, Wilson GT, Rosenblum GD. Parental history of alcohol abuse and the effects of alcohol and expectations of intoxication on social stress. J Stud Alcohol 1994;55:214–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young RM, Oei TP, Knight RG. The tension reduction hypothesis revisited: an alcohol expectancy perspective. Br J Addict 1990;85:31–40.
   Google Scholar
• Sher KJ, Levenson RW. Risk for alcoholism and individual differences in the stress-response dampening effect of al-cohol. J Abnorm Psychol 1982;91:350–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull JG, Young RD, Jouriles E. Applications of the self-awareness model of alcohol consumption: predicting pat-terns of use and abuse. J Pers Soc Psychol 1986;51:790–6.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper ML, Russell M, Skinner JB, Frone MR, Mudar P. Stress and alcohol use: moderating effects of gender, coping, and alcohol expectancies. J Abnorm Psychol 1992;101:139–52.
   Google Scholar
• Noble EP. D2 dopamine receptor gene in psychiatric and neurologic disorders and its phenotypes. Am J Med Genet 2003;116B:103–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble EP, Blum K, Ritchie T, Montgomery A, Sheridan PJ. Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with receptor-binding characteristics in alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48: 648–54.
   Google Scholar
• Berman SM, Noble EP. The D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene and family stress; interactive effects on cognitive functions in children. Behav Genet 1997;27:33–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puglisi-Allegra S, Kempf E, Schleef C, Cabib S. Repeated stressful experiences differentially affect brain dopamine receptor subtypes. Life Sci 1991;48:1263–8.
   Google Scholar
• Papp M, Muscat R, Willner P. Subsensitivity to rewarding and locomotor stimulant effects of a dopamine agonist following chronic mild stress. Psychopharmacology 1993; 110:152–8.
   Google Scholar
• Shively CA. Social subordination stress, behavior, and central monoaminergic function in female cynomolgus monkeys. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:882–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bau CHD, Almeida S, Hutz MH. The taqI Al allele of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism in Brazil: association and interaction with stress and harm avoidance on severity prediction. Am J Med Genet 2000;96: 302–6.
   Google Scholar
• Madrid GA, MacMurray J, Lee JW, Anderson BA, Comings DE. Stress as a mediating factor in the association between the DRD2 TaqI polymorphism and alcoholism. Alcohol 2001;23: 117–22.
   Google Scholar
• Lappalainen J, Kranzler HR, Malison R, Price LH, Van Dyck C, Rosenheck RA, et al. A functional neuropeptide Y Leu7Pro polymorphism associated with alcohol dependence in a large population sample from the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:825–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masserman JH, Yum KS. An analysis of the influence of alcohol on experimental neurosis in cats. Psychosomatic Medicine 1946;8:36–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalant H. Stress-related effects of ethanol in mammals. Crit Rev Biotechnol 1990;9:265–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pohorecky LA. Interaction of ethanol and stress: research with experimental animals - an update. Alcohol Alcohol 1990;25:263–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huot RL, Thrivikraman KV, Meaney MJ, Plotsky PM. Development of adult ethanol preference and anxiety as a consequence of neonatal maternal separation in Long Evans rats and reversal with antidepressant treatment. Psychophar-macology 2001;158:366–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahlke C, Lorenz JG, Long J, Champoux M, Suomi SJ, Higley JD. Rearing experiences and stress-induced plasma cortisol as early risk factors for excessive alcohol consump-tion in nonhuman primates. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24: 644–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman E, Hytia P, Nylander I. Maternal separation alters acquisition of ethanol intake in male ethanol-preferring AA rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003;27:31–7.
   Google Scholar
• Mills KC, Bean JW, Hutcheson JS. Shock induced ethanol consumption in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1977;6:107–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Volpicelli JR, Ulm RR. The influence of control over appetitive and aversive events on alcohol preference in rats. Alcohol 1990;7:133–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Champagne F, Kirouac G. Effects of unavoidable electric shocks on voluntary alcohol consumption in the rat. Percept Mot Skills 1987;64:335–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidler TL, LoLordo VM. Failure to find postshock increases in ethanol preference. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996;20:110–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lynch WJ, Kushner MG, Rawleigh JM, Fiszdon J, Carroll ME. The effects of restraint stress on voluntary ethanol consumption in rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;7:318–23.
   Google Scholar
• Sprague JE, Maickel RP. Effects of stress and ebiratide (Hoe-427) on free-choice ethanol consumption: comparison of Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats. Life Sci 1994;55:873–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parker LF, Radow BL. Isolation stress and volitional ethanol consumption in the rat. Physiol Behav 1974;12:1–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolffgramm J. Free choice ethanol intake of laboratory rats under different social conditions. Psychopharmacology 1990; 101:233–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagaraja HS, Jeganathan PS. Voluntary alcohol drinking and caloric intake in rats exposed to crowding stress. Indian J Med Res 2002;116:111–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heminway DA, Furumoto L. Population density and alcohol consumption in the rat. Q J Stud Alcohol 1972;33:794–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodgers DA, Thiessen DD. Effects of population density on adrenal size, behavioral arousal, and alcohol preference of inbred mice. Q J Stud Alcohol 1964;25:240–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanchard RJ, Hon i K, Tom P, Blanchard DC. Social structure and ethanol consumption in the laboratory rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987;28:437–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard RJ, Yudko EB, Blanchard DC. Alcohol, aggres-sion and the stress of subordination. J Stud Alcohol Suppl 1993;11:146–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanchard DC, Sakai RR, McEwen B, Weiss SM, Blanchard RJ. Subordination stress: behavioral, brain, and neuroendo-crine correlates. Behav Brain Res 1993;58:113–21.
   Google Scholar
• Kudryavtseva NN, Madorskaya IA, Bakshtanovskaya IV. Social success and voluntary ethanol consumption in mice of C56BL/6J and CBA/Lac strains. Physiol Behav 501991:143–6.
   Google Scholar
• Keeney A J, Hogg S. Behavioural consequences of repeated social defeat in the mouse: preliminary evaluation of a potential animal model of depression. Behav Pharmacol 1999;10:753–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Le' AD, Quan B, Juzytch W, Fletcher PJ, Joharchi N, Shaham Y. Reinstatement of alcohol-seeking by priming injections of alcohol and exposure to stress in rats. Psychopharmacology 1998;135:169–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lê AD, Poulos CX, Harding S, Watchus J, Juzytsch W, Shaham Y. Effects of Naltrexone and Fluoxetine on alcohol self-administration and reinstatement of alcohol seeking induced by priming injections of alcohol and exposure to stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;21:435–44.
   Google Scholar
• Martin-Fardon R, Ciccocioppo R, Massi M, Weiss F. Nociceptin prevents stress-induced ethanol- but not co-caine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuroreport 2000;11:1939–43.
   Google Scholar
• Liu X, Weiss F. Additive effect of stress and drug cues on reinstatement of ethanol seeking: exacerbation by history of dependence and role of concurrent activation of corticotro-pin-releasing factor and opioid mechanisms. J Neurosci 2002;22:7856–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorilla EP, Valdez GR, Weiss F. Changes in levels of regional CRF-like immunoreactivity and plasma corticosterone dur-ing protracted drug withdrawal in dependent rats. Psycho-pharmacology 2001;158:374–81.
   Google Scholar
• Lê AD, Harding S, Juzytsch W, Watchus J, Shalev U, Shaham Y. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in stress-induced relapse to alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Psycho-pharmacology 2000;150:317–24.
   Google Scholar
• Menzaghi F, Rassnik S, Heinrichs S, Baldwin H, Pich EM, Weiss F, et al. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in the anxiogenic effects of ethanol withdrawal. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994;739:176–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall W. Changes in the public perceptions of the health benefits of alcohol use, 1989 to 1994. Aust N Z J Public Health 1996;20:93–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole G, Tucker L, Friedman GM. Relationships among measures of alcohol drinking behavior, life-events and perceived stress. Psychol Rep 1990;67:587–91.
   Google Scholar
• Kreek MJ, Koob GF. Drug dependence: stress and dysregu-lation of brain reward pathways. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998;51:23–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar