Inflammation and cortisol response in coronary artery disease

References

• Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 1685–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson GK, Libby P. The immune response in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006; 6: 508–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frostegård J, Ulfgren AK, Nyberg P, Hedin U, Swedenborg J, Andersson U, et al. Cytokine expression in advanced human atherosclerotic plaques: dominance of pro-inflammatory (Th1) and macrophage-stimulating cytokines. Atherosclerosis. 1999; 145: 33–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer OJ, van der Wal AC, Verhagen CE, Becker AE. Cytokine secretion profiles of cloned T cells from human aortic atherosclerotic plaques. J Pathol. 1999; 188: 174–9
   Google Scholar
• Galis ZS, Sukhova GK, Lark MW, Libby P. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and matrix degrading activity in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest. 1994; 94: 2493–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DL, Hibbs MS, Kearney M, Loushin C, Isner JM. Identification of 92-kD gelatinase in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions. Association of active enzyme synthesis with unstable angina. Circulation. 1995; 91: 2125–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Kornmark L, Jonasson L, Forssell C, Yuan X-M. Cathepsin L is significantly associated with apoptosis and plaque destabilization in human atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2008 Apr 18 (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Del Prete G, De Carli M, Lammel RM, D'Elios MM, Daniel KC, Giusti B, et al. Th1 and Th2 T-helper cells exert opposite regulatory effects on procoagulant activity and tissue factor production by human monocytes. Blood. 1995; 1: 250–7
   Google Scholar
• Caligiuri G, Rudling M, Olivier V, Jacob MP, Michel JB, Hansson GK, et al. Interleukin-10 deficiency increases atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and low-density lipoproteins in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Mol Med. 2003; 9: 10–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM, Gallimore JR, Grillo RL, Rebuzzi AG, Pepys MB, et al. The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein in severe unstable angina. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331: 417–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biasucci LM, Vitelli A, Liuzzo G, Altamura S, Caligiuri G, Monaco C, et al. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in unstable angina. Circulation. 1996; 94: 874–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neri Serneri GG, Prisco D, Martini F, Gori AM, Brunelli T, Poggesi L, et al. Acute T cell activation is detectable in unstable angina. Circulation. 1997; 95: 1806–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonasson L, Linderfalk C, Olsson J, Wikby A, Olsson AG. Systemic T-cell activation in stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 2002; 89: 754–6
   Google Scholar
• Kai H, Ikeda H, Yasukawa H, Kai M, Seki Y, Kuwahara F, et al. Peripheral blood levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 are elevated in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 368–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson L, Jonasson L, Nijm J, Hamsten A, Eriksson P. Increased plasma concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-7 in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Chem. 2006; 52: 1522–7
   Google Scholar
• Smith DA, Irving SD, Sheldon J, Cole D, Kaski JC. Serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 are decreased in patients with unstable angina. Circulation. 2001; 104: 746–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 973–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 836–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, Lennon L, Thomson A, Appleby P, et al. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses. BMJ. 2000; 321: 199–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, Fichtlscherer S, Boersma E, Simoons ML, et al. Serum level of the antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 is an important prognostic determinant in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2003; 107: 2109–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckingham JC, Loxley HD, Taylor AD, Flower RJ. Cytokines, glucocorticoids and neuroendocrine function. Pharmacol Res. 1994; 30: 35–42
   Google Scholar
• Chrousos GP. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 1351–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster JI, Tonelli L, Sternberg EM. Neuroendocrine regulation ofimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol. 2002; 20: 125–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr Rev. 2000; 21: 55–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hench PS, Kendall EC, Slocumb CH, Polley HF. Effects of cortisone acetate and pituitary ACTH on rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever and certain other conditions. Arch Intern Med (Chic) 1950; 85: 545–666
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckingham JC. Glucocorticoids: exemplars of multi-tasking. Br J Pharmacol. 147 Suppl 2006; 1: S258–68
   Google Scholar
• Rhen T, Cidlowski JA. Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids—new mechanisms for old drugs. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 1711–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierhaus A, Wolf J, Andrassy M, Rohleder N, Humpert PM, Petrov D, et al. A mechanism converting psychosocial stress into mononuclear cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003; 100: 1920–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almawi WY, Beyhum HN, Rahme AA, Rieder MJ. Regulation of cytokine and cytokine receptor expression by glucocorticoids. J Leukoc Biol. 1996; 60: 563–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John CD, Buckingham JC. Cytokines: regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2003; 3: 78–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Kloet ER, Vreugdenhil E, Oitzl MS, Joëls M. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocr Rev. 1998; 19: 269–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamberger CM, Bamberger AM, de Castro M, Chrousos GP. Glucocorticoid receptor beta, a potential endogenous inhibitor of glucocorticoid action in humans. J Clin Invest. 1995; 95: 2435–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cove-Smith JR, Kabler P, Pownall R, Knapp MS. Circadian variation in an immune response in man. Br Med J. 1978; 2: 253–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harkness JA, Richter MB, Panayi GS, Van de Pette K, Unger A, Pownall R, et al. Circadian variation in disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. BMJ. 1982; 284: 551–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellhammer J, Fries E, Schweisthal OW, Schlotz W, Stone AA, Hagemann D. Several daily measurements are necessary to reliably assess the cortisol rise after awakening: state- and trait components. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007; 32: 80–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aardal E, Holm AC. Cortisol in saliva—reference ranges and relation to cortisol in serum. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1995; 33: 927–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pruessner JC, Wolf OT, Hellhammer DH, Buske-Kirschbaum A, von Auer K, Jobst S, et al. Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity. Life Sci. 1997; 61: 2539–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH. Noise and stress—salivary cortisol as a non-invasive measure of allostatic load. Noise Health. 1999; 4: 57–65
   Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum C, Pirke K-M, Hellhammer DH. The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’—a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology. 1993; 28: 76–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GD, Ben-Shlomo Y, Beswick A, Yarnell J, Lightman S, Elwood P. Cortisol, testosterone, and coronary heart disease: prospective evidence from the Caerphilly study. Circulation. 2005; 112: 332–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troxler RG, Sprague EA, Albanese RA, Fuchs R, Thompson AJ. The association of elevated plasma cortisol and early atherosclerosis as demonstrated by coronary angiography. Atherosclerosis. 1977; 26: 151–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koertge J, Al-Khalili F, Ahnve S, Janszky I, Svane B, Schenck-Gustafsson K. Cortisol and vital exhaustion in relation to significant coronary artery stenosis in middle-aged women with acute coronary syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2002; 27: 893–906
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alevizaki M, Cimponeriu A, Lekakis J, Papamichael C, Chrousos GP. High anticipatory stress plasma cortisol levels and sensitivity to glucocorticoids predict severity of coronary artery disease in subjects undergoing coronary angiography. Metabolism. 2007; 56: 222–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead DL, Perkins-Porras L, Strike PC, Magid K, Steptoe A. Cortisol awakening response is elevated in acute coronary syndrome patients with type-D personality. J Psychosom Res. 2007; 62: 419–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otte C, Marmar CR, Pipkin SS, Moos R, Browner WS, Whooley MA. Depression and 24-hour urinary cortisol in medical outpatients with coronary heart disease: The Heart and Soul Study. Biol Psychiatry. 2004; 56: 241–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nijm J, Kristenson M, Olsson AG, Jonasson L. Impaired cortisol response to acute stressors in patients with coronary disease. Implications for inflammatory activity. J Intern Med. 2007; 262: 375–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sephton SE, Sapolsky RM, Kraemer HC, Spiegel D. Diurnal cortisol rhythm as a predictor of breast cancer survival. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000; 92: 994–1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosmond R, Björntorp P. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity as a predictor of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke. J Intern Med. 2000; 247: 188–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluck ME, Geliebter A, Lorence M. Cortisol stress response is positively correlated with central obesity in obese women with binge eating disorder (BED) before and after cognitive-behavioral treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004; 1032: 202–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duclos M, Marquez PP, Barat P, Gatta B, Roger P. Increased cortisol bioavailability, abdominal obesity, and the metabolic syndrome in obese women. Obes Res. 2005; 13: 1157–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rohleder N, Kirschbaum C. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in habitual smokers. Int J Psychophysiol. 2006; 59: 236–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badrick E, Kirschbaum C, Kumari M. The relationship between smoking status and cortisol secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 92: 819–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirtz PH, von Känel R, Emini L, Ruedisueli K, Groessbauer S, Maercker A, et al. Evidence for altered hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning in systemic hypertension: Blunted cortisol response to awakening and lower negative feedback sensitivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007; 32: 430–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosmond R, Wallerius S, Wanger P, Martin L, Holm G, Björntorp P. A 5-year follow-up study of disease incidence in men with an abnormal hormone pattern. J Intern Med. 2003; 254: 386–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews K, Schwartz J, Cohen S, Seeman T. Diurnal cortisol decline is related to coronary calcification: CARDIA study. Psychosom Med. 2006; 68: 657–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbuz MS, Lightman SL. Stress and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: acute, chronic and immunological activation. J Endocrinol. 1992; 134: 327–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg EM, Young WS, 3rd, Bernardini R, Calogero AE, Chrousos GP, Gold PW, et al. A central nervous system defect in biosynthesis of corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with susceptibility to streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis in Lewis rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989; 86: 4771–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wick G, Hu Y, Schwarz S, Kroemer G. Immunoendocrine communication via the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in autoimmune diseases. Endocr Rev. 1993; 14: 539–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DH, Sheridan J, Pearl D, Zwilling BS. Regulation of mycobacterial growth by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis: differential responses of mycobacterium bovis BCG-resistant and -susceptible mice. Infect Immun. 1993; 61: 4793–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karalis K, Crofford L, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP. Glucocorticoid and/or glucocorticoid antagonist effects in inflammatory disease-susceptible Lewis rats and inflammatory disease-resistant Fischer rats. Endocrinology. 1995; 136: 3107–12
   Google Scholar
• Fantidis P, Perez De Prada T, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Carcia-Touchard A, Alfonso M, Sabaté M, et al. Morning cortisol production in coronary heart disease patients. Eur J Invest. 2002; 32: 304–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent AM, Neely D, Young I, McDowell I, O'Kane M, Bell N, et al. Stress responses after treatment of hypercholesterolemia with simvastatin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1993; 36: 474–7
   Google Scholar
• Travia D, Tosi F, Negri C, Faccini G, Moghetti P, Muggeo M. Sustained therapy with 3-hydroxy-3-hethylglutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors does not impair steroidogenesis by adrenals and gonads. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995; 80: 836–40
   Google Scholar
• Oberbeck R, Schurmeyer T, Jacobs R, Benschop RJ, Sommer B, Schmidt RE, et al. Effects of beta-adrenoceptor-blockade on stress-induced adrenocorticotropin release in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998; 77: 523–6
   Google Scholar
• Nonell A, Kerk S, Lederbogen F, Kopf D, Hamann B, Lewicka S, et al. No major effect of orciprenaline and propranolol upon ACTH-induced cortisol secretion. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2004; 112: 59–61
   Google Scholar
• Bohm M, Herrmann W, Wassmann S, Laufs U, Nickenig G. Does statin therapy influence steroid hormone synthesis?. Z Kardiol. 2004; 93: 43–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gutiérrez MA, García ME, Rodriguez JA, Mardonez G, Jacobelli S, Rivero S. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled study using insulin hypoglycemia stress test and prolactin stimulation. J Rheumatol. 1999; 26: 277–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez MA, Garcia ME, Rodriguez JA, Rivero S, Jacobelli S. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and prolactin secretion in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1998; 7: 404–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buske-Kirschbaum A, Geiben A, Höllig H, Morschhäuser E, Hellhammer D. Altered responsiveness of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic adrenomedullary system to stress in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 87: 4245–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristenson M, Orth-Gomér K, Kucinskienë Z, Bergdahl B, Calkauskas H, Balinkyniene I, et al. Attenuated cortisol response to a standardized stress test in Lithuanian versus Swedish men: the LiVicordia study. Int J Behav Med. 1998; 5: 17–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristenson M, Lassvik C, Bergdahl B, Kucinskiène Z, Aizieniène L, Ziedén B, et al. Ultrasound determined carotid and femoral atherosclerosis in Lithuanian and Swedish men: the LiVicordia study. Atherosclerosis. 2000; 151: 501–8
   Google Scholar
• Steensberg A. The role of IL-6 in exercise-induced immune changes and metabolism. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2003; 9: 40–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jialal I, Stein D, Balis D, Grundy SM, Adams-Huet B, Devaraj S. Effect of hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor therapy on high sensitive C-reactive protein levels. Circulation. 2001; 103: 1933–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chikanza IC, Petrou P, Kingsley G, Chrousos G, Panayi GS. Defective hypothalamic response to immune and inflammatory stimuli in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1992; 35: 1281–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldhuijzen van Zanten JJ, Ring C, Carroll D, Kitas GD. Increased C reactive protein in response to acute stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005; 64: 1299–304
   Google Scholar
• Willich SN, Lewis M, Löwel H, Arntz HR, Schubert F, Schröder R. Physical exertion as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. Triggers and Mechanisms of Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 1684–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Mulry RP, Tofler GH, Jacobs SC, et al. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction onset by episodes of anger. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. Circulation. 1995; 92: 1720–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tofler GH, Stone PH, Maclure M, Edelman E, Davis VG, Robertson T, et al. Analysis of possible triggers of acute myocardial infarction (the MILIS study). Am J Cardiol. 1990; 66: 22–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Sliwa K, Zubaid M, Almahmeed WA, et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364: 953–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung DY, Hamid Q, Vottero A, Szefler SJ, Surs W, Minshall E, et al. Association of glucocorticoid insensitivity with increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor beta. J Exp Med. 1997; 186: 1567–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Tuffin LJ, Cidlowski JA. The physiology of human glucocorticoid receptor beta (hGRbeta) and glucocorticoid resistance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006; 1069: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster JC, Oakley RH, Jewell CM, Cidlowski JA. Proinflammatory cytokines regulate human glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and lead to the accumulation of the dominant negative beta isoform: a mechanism for the generation of glucocorticoid resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98: 6865–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaaf MJ, Cidlowski JA. AUUUA motifs in the 3′UTR of human glucocorticoid receptor alpha and beta mRNA destabilize mRNA and decrease receptor protein expression. Steroids. 2002; 67: 627–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derijk RH, Schaaf MJ, Turner G, Datson NA, Vreugdenhil E, Cidlowski J, et al. A human glucocorticoid receptor gene variant that increases the stability of the glucocorticoid receptor beta-isoform mRNA is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2001; 28: 2383–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Akker ELT, Koper JW, van Rossum EFC, Dekker MJH, Russcher H, de Jong FH, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor gene and risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168: 33–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar