782
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The decline of water consumption in Spanish cities: structural and contingent factors

Pages 909-925 | Received 09 Apr 2019, Accepted 12 Jun 2019, Published online: 17 Jul 2019

References

  • ACA (Agència Catalana de l’Aigua). (2008). L’Aigua a Catalunya [Water in Catalonia]. Retrieved from http://aca.gencat.cat/web/.content/10_ACA/J_Publicacions/02-publicacions/03-aigua_a_catalunya_2008.pdf
  • Albiol, C., & Agulló, F. (2014). La reducción del consumo de agua en España: Causas y tendencias [The reduction of water consumption in Spain: Causes and trends]. Retrieved from https://www.fundacionaquae.sites/default/files/aquaepapers6es_0.pdf
  • Alcamo, J., Flörke, M., & Märker, M. (2007). Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climatic changes. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 52, 247–275. doi:10.1623/hysj.52.2.247
  • Aqua Publica Europea. (2016). Water affordability: Public operators’ views and approaches on tackling water poverty. Retrieved from https://www.aquapublica.eu/document/water-affordability-public-operators-views-and-approaches-tackling-water-poverty
  • Bagué, J. (Ed.). (2013). Estudio sobre el precio del agua en España [Study on the price of water in Spain] (AquaePapers, 1. Fundación Aquology). Retrieved from http://www.fundacionaquae.publicaciones/publicacion/aquae-papers-1
  • Baldino, N., & Sauri, D. (2018). Characterizing the recent decline of water consumption in Italian cities. Investigaciones Geográficas, 69, 9–21. doi:10.14198/INGEO2018.69.01
  • Billings, R. B., & Agthe, D. E. (1980). Price elasticities for water: A case of increasing block-rates. Land Economics, 56, 73–84. doi:10.2307/3145831
  • Bithas, K. (2008). The European policy on water use at the urban level in the context of the Water Framework Directive: Effectiveness, appropriateness and efficiency. European Planning Studies, 16(9), 1293–1311. doi:10.1080/09654310802401789
  • Boyle, T., Giurco, D., Mukheibir, P., Liu, A., Moy, C., White, S., & Stewart, R. (2013). Intelligent metering for urban water: A review. Water, 5, 1052–1081. doi:10.3390/w5031052
  • Burriel, E. L. (2016). Empty Urbanism: The bursting of the Spanish housing bubble. Urban Research & Practice, 9(2), 58–180. doi:10.1080/17535069.2015.1110196
  • Buurman, J., Mens, M. J. P., & Dahm, R. J. (2017). Strategies for urban drought risk management: A comparison of 10 large cities. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(1), 31–50. doi:10.1080/07900627.2016.1138398
  • Cahill, R., & Lund, J. (2013). Residential water conservation in Australia and California. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 139, 117–121. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000225
  • Cubillo, F., Moreno, T., & Ortega, S. (2008). Microcomponentes y factores explicativos del consumo doméstico de agua en la Comunidad de Madrid [Microcomponents and explanatory factors of domestic water consumption in Madrid]. Retrieved from https://www.canaldeisabelsegunda.es/documents/20143/0/28_CONSUMO+DOM%C3%89STICO_Electr%C3%B3nico_reducido+%281%29.pdf/2a185e67-2bc6-be46-ac33-db81ba105ec3?t=1551878535179
  • Dalhuisen, J. M., Florax, R. G. M. J., de Groot, H. L. F., & Nijkamp, P. (2003). Price and income elasticities of residential water demand: A meta-analysis. Land Economics, 79, 292–308. doi:10.2307/3146872
  • Damerell, P., Howe, C., & Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2013). Child-orientated environmental education influences adult knowledge and household behaviour. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1), 1–15. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015016
  • Del Moral, L., & Giansante, C. (2000). Constraints to drought contingency planning in Spain: The hydraulic paradigm and the case of Seville. Journal of Contingency Crisis and Management, 8, 93–102. doi:10.1111/1468-5973.00128
  • DeOreo, W., & Mayer, P. (2012). Insights into declining single-family residential water demands. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 104(6), 383–394. doi:10.5942/jawwa.2012.104.0080
  • Domene, E., & Sauri, D. (2006). Urbanization and water consumption: Influencing factors in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona. Urban Studies, 43, 1605–1623. doi:10.1080/00420980600749969
  • Domene, M., Garcia Sierra, M., & Pons, A. (2018). Pobresa hídrica i energètica a l’àrea metropolitana de Barcelona [Water poverty and energy poverty in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona]. Anuari Metropolità de Barcelona 2017. Bellaterra: Institut d’Estudis Urbans i Metropolitans.
  • Donnelly, K., & Cooley, H. (2015). Water use trends in the United States. Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute. Retrieved from http://pacinst.publication/water-use-trends-in-the-united-states
  • El País. (2014). Los cortes de agua por impago se disparan con la crisis [Water cut-offs boom because of the economic crisis]. Retrieved from https://elpais.com/sociedad/2014/02/17/actualidad/1392670324_651915.html
  • El Periódico de la Energía. (2015). El uso de electrodomésticos más eficientes genera hasta 475 euros de ahorro al año [The use of efficient appliances saves 475 euros per year]. Retrieved from https://elperiodicodelaenergia.com/el-uso-de-electrodomesticos-mas-eficientes-genera-hasta-475-euros-de-ahorro-al-ano/
  • Empresa Municipal de Aguas de Málaga. (2019). Campañas de concienciación [Awareness campaigns]. Retrieved from https://www.emasa.es
  • European Environment Agency and Copernicus Land Service. (2012). Corine Land Cover. Version 20. Retrieved from https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc-2012?tab=download
  • Flörke, M., Kynast, E., Bärlund, I., Eisner, S., Wimmer, F., & Alcamo, J. (2013). Domestic and industrial water uses of the past 60 years as a mirror of socio-economic development: A global simulation study. Global Environmental Change, 23, 144–156. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.10.018
  • Gabarda-Mallorquí, A., & Ribas, A. (2016). Understanding reductions in water consumption in tourist areas: A case study of the Costa Brava, Spain. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(6), 912–930. doi:10.1080/07900627.2016.1142861
  • García-Valiñas, M. A. (2005). Efficiency and equity in natural resources pricing: A proposal for urban water distribution service. Environmental and Resource Economics, 32, 183–204. doi:10.1007/s10640-005-3363-0
  • Gil Olcina, A., Hernández, M., Morote, A., Rico, A., Saurí, D., & March, H. (2015). Tendencias del consumo de agua potable en la ciudad de Alicante y Área Metropolitana de Barcelona. 2007–2015 [Trends in water consumption in the city of Alicante and in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona 2007–2013]. Instituto Interuniversitario de Geografía, Universidad de Alicante.
  • Gössling, S., Hall, C. M., & Scott, D. (2015). Tourism and water. Bristol: Channel View.
  • Hejazi, M., Edmonds, J., Chaturvedi, V., Davies, E., & Eom, J. Y. (2013). Scenarios of global municipal water use demand projections over the 21st century. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58(3), 519–538. doi:10.1080/02626667.2013.772301
  • Horne, J. (2018). Resilience in major Australian cities: Assessing capacity and preparedness to respond to extreme weather events. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(4), 632–658. doi:10.1080/07900627.2016.1244049
  • Horne, J., Tortajada, C., & Harrington, L. (2018). Achieving the sustainable development goals: Improving water services in cities affected by extreme weather events. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(4), 475–489. doi:10.1080/07900627.2018.1464902
  • Hotlos, H., Glowacka, J., & Kolodziej, A. (2012). Water demand variations in the water distribution system of Wroclaw. Ochrona Srodowiska, 34(4), 23–28.
  • Howe, C. W. (1982). The impact of price on residential water demand: Some insights. Water Resources Research, 18, 713–716. doi:10.1029/WR018i004p00713
  • Ibeconomía. (2016). El Govern amplía la campaña de ahorro de agua con folletos en inglés y alemán [Water awareness leaflets published in English and German by the Balearic Government]. Retrieved from https://ibeconomia.com/destacado/govern-amplia-la-campana-ahorro-agua-folletos-ingles-aleman/
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2013). Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida (ECV) Año 2013. Datos provisionales. Retrieved from www.ine.es
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2016). Estadística sobre el suministro y saneamiento de agua en España [Statistics on water supply and sanitation in Spain]. Retrieved from www.ine.es
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization.
  • Lee, M., Tansel, B., & Balbin, M. (2013). Urban sustainability incentives for residential water conservation: Adoption of multiple high efficiency appliances. Water Resources Management, 27, 2531–2540. doi:10.1007/s11269-013-0301-8
  • Mack, E., & Wrase, S. (2017). A Burgeoning crisis? A nationwide assessment of the geography of water affordability in the United States. PLOS One, 12(4), e0176645. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169488
  • Makki, A. A., Stewart, R. A., Panuwatwanich, K., & Beal, C. (2012). Revealing the determinants of shower water end use consumption: Enabling better targeted urban water conservation strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 60, 129–146. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.007
  • March, H., Domènech, L., & Sauri, D. (2013). Water conservation campaigns and citizen perceptions: The drought of 2007–2008 in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. Natural Hazards, 65(3), 1951–1966. doi:10.1007/s11069-012-0456-2
  • March, H., Hernández, M., & Saurí, D. (2015). Assessing domestic water use habits for more effective water awareness campaigns during drought periods: A case study in Alicante, eastern Spain. Natural Hazards Earth Systems Sciences, 15, 963–972. doi:10.5194/nhessd-2-6859-2014
  • March, H., Perarnau, J., & Sauri, D. (2012). Exploring the links between immigration, ageing and domestic water consumption: The case of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. Regional Studies, 46(2), 229–244. doi:10.1080/00343404.2010.487859
  • March, H., & Sauri, D. (2013). The unintended consequences of ecological modernization: Debt-induced reconfiguration of the water cycle in Barcelona. Environment and Planning A, 45(9), 2064–2083. doi:10.1068/a45380
  • March, H., & Sauri, D. (2016). When sustainable may not mean just: A critical interpretation of urban water consumption decline in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. Local Environment, 22(5), 523–535. doi:10.1080/13549839.2016.1233528
  • Millock, K., & Nauges, C. (2010). Household adoption of water-efficient equipment: The role of socio-economic factors, environmental attitudes and policy. Environmental and Resource Economics, 46, 539–565. doi:10.1007/s10640-010-9360-y
  • Moreno-Rodríguez, J. M. (ed). (2005). A preliminary assessment of the impacts in Spain due to the effects of climate change (ECCE PROJECT - FINAL REPORT). Madrid: Spanish Ministry of the Environment.
  • Morote, A. F., Hernández, M., & Rico, A. M. (2016). Causes of domestic water consumption trends in the city of Alicante: Exploring the links between the housing bubble, the types of housing and the socio-economic factors. Water, 8, 374. doi:10.3390/w8090374
  • Nieswiadomy, M. L., & Cobb, S. L. (1993). Impact of pricing structure selectivity on urban water demand. Contemporary Policy Issues, 11, 101–113. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1993.tb00395.x
  • OCU, Organización de Consumidores y Usuarios de España. (2016). Precio del agua: Más cara en Barcelona y Murcia [Price of water: More expensive in Barcelona and Murcia]. Retrieved from https://www.ocu.alimentacion/agua/informe/el-precio-del-agua
  • OECD. (1999). The price of water: Trends in OECD countries. Paris: Author.
  • Olcina, J. (2001). Tipología de sequias en España. Ería, 56, 201–227.
  • Quesnel, K. J., & Ajami, N. K. (2017). Changes in water consumption linked to heavy news media coverage of extreme climatic events. Science Advancements, 3, e1700784. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700784
  • Raynaud, A. (2016). Assessing the impact of full cost recovery of water services on European households. Water Resources and Economics, 14, 65–78. doi:10.1016/j.wre.2016.04.001
  • Renwick, M. E., & Archibald, S. O. (1998). Demand side management policies for residential water use: Who bears the conservation burden? Land Economics, 74, 343–359. doi:10.2307/3147117
  • Reynaud, A., & Romano, G. (2018). Advances in the economic analysis of residential water use: An introduction. Water, 10(9), 1162. doi:10.3390/w10091162
  • Richter, C. P., & Stamminger, R. (2012). Water consumption in the kitchen: A case study in four European countries. Water Resources Management, 26, 1639–1649. doi:10.1007/s11269-012-9976-5
  • Rico, A. M., Olcina, J., Baños, C., Garcia, X., & Sauri, D. (2019). Declining water consumption in the hotel industry of mass tourism resorts: Contrasting evidence for Benidorm, Spain. Current Issues in Tourism, doi:10.1080/13683500.2019.1589431
  • Rockaway, T. D. (2011). Residential water use trends in North America. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 103(2), 76–89. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2011.tb11403.x
  • Rogers, P., de Silva, R., & Bhatia, R. (2002). Water is an economic good: How to use prices to promote equity, efficiency and sustainability. Water Policy, 4(1), 1–17. doi:10.1016/S1366-7017(02)00004-1
  • Rossi, G., & Cancelliere, A. (2013). Managing drought risk in water supply systems in Europe: A review. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 29, 272–289. doi:10.1080/07900627.2012.713848
  • Seelen, L. M. S., Flaim, G., Jennings, E., & Lisette, N. (2019). Saving water for the future: Public awareness of water usage and water quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 242, 246–257. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.047
  • Stavenhagen, M., Buurman, J., & Tortajada, C. (2018). Saving water in cities: Assessing policies for residential water demand management in four cities in Europe. Cities, 79, 187–195. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2018.03.008
  • Swyngedouw, E. (2004). Social Power and the Urbanization of Water. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Tejedor, E., de Luis, M., Cuadrat, J. M., Esper, J., & Saz, M. A. (2016). Tree-ring-based drought reconstruction in the Iberian Range (east of Spain) since 1694. International Journal of Biometeorology, 60(3), 361–372. doi:10.1007/s00484-015-1033-7
  • Tortajada, C., & Biswas, A. T. (2017). The rapidly changing global water management landscape. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(6), 849–851. doi:10.1080/07900627.2017.1376834
  • Tortajada, C., González-Gómez, F. J., Biswas, A. K., & Buurman, J. (2019). Water demand management strategies for water-scarce cities: The case of Spain. Sustainable Cities and Society, 45, 649–656. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.044
  • United Nations. (2018a). 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050. Retrieved from https://www.un.development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html
  • United Nations. (2018b). Sustainable Development Goal 6 synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation. New York: Author.
  • Vallès-Casas, M., March, H., & Sauri, D. (2016). Decentralized and user-led approaches to rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling in a Mediterranean area: The case of Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona, Spain). Built Environment, 42(2), 243–257. doi:10.2148/benv.42.2.243
  • Villarreal, A., Hernandez, A., & Grasso, D. (2017). No es la ‘peor sequía en 20 años’, será la peor de la historia de España: El desastre en datos [It is not the ‘the worst drought in 20 years’, it will be the worst in Spanish history: Disaster explained with data]. El Confidencial. Retrieved from https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/ciencia/2017-11-26/deje-decir-sequia-2017-peor-de-la-historia-espana_1482616/
  • Wada, Y., van Beek, L. P. H., Wanders, N., & Bierkens, M. F. P. (2013). Human water consumption intensifies hydrological drought worldwide. Environmental Research Letters, 8(3), 034036. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034036
  • Weisz, H., & Steinberger, J. K. (2010). Reducing energy and material flows in cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 185–192. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2010.05.010
  • Yoon, H. (2018). Exploring the water-energy nexus in urban and tourist areas of the Western Mediterranean: Empirical findings from Benidorm and Barcelona (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Departament de Geografia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Belleterra.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.