Polycentric governance and agroecological practices in the MENA region: insights from Lebanon, Morocco and Tunisia

References

• Abson, D. J., Fischer, J., Leventon, J., Newig, J., Schomerus, T., Vilsmaier, U., von Wehrden, H., Abernethy, P., Ives, C. D., Jager, N. W., & Lang, D. J. (2017). Leverage points for sustainability transformation. Ambio, 46(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0800-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altieri, M. A. (1989). Agroecology: A new research and development paradigm for world agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 27(1–4), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(89)90070-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altieri, M., Nicholls, C., & Montalba, R. (2017). Technological approaches to sustainable agriculture at a crossroads: An agroecological perspective. Sustainability, 9(3), 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ameur, F., Amichi, H., & Leauthaud, C. (2020). Agroecology in North African irrigated plains? Mapping promising practices and characterizing farmers’ underlying logics. Regional Environmental Change, 20(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01719-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. R., Bruil, J., Chappell, M. J., Kiss, C., & Pimbert, M. P. (2019). From transition to domains of transformation: Getting to sustainable and just food systems through agroecology. Sustainability, 11(19), 5272. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration and Resource Theory, 18(18), 543–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
   Google Scholar
• Ayeb, H., & Bush, R. (2019). Food insecurity and revolution in the Middle East and North Africa: Agrarian questions in Egypt and Tunisia. Anthem Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barakat, R. (2018). Threats and opportunities for indigenous agri-food systems. The case of Wadi Fukin, Palestine
   Google Scholar
• Bocchi, S., & Maggi, M. (2014). Agro-ecology, sustainable agro-food systems, new relationships between the countryside and the city. Scienze del Territorio, 2, 95–106. https://doi.org/10.13128/Scienze_Territorio-14325
   Google Scholar
• Bush, R. (2016). Agrarian transformation in the Near East and North Africa: Influences from the work of Lionel Cliffe. Review of African Political Economy, 43(sup1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2016.1217835
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, R., & Martiniello, G. (2017). Food riots and protest: Agrarian modernizations and structural crises. World Development, 91(c), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.10.017
   Google Scholar
• Clapp, J. (2014). Food security and food sovereignty: Getting past the binary. Dialogues in Human Geography, 4(2), 206–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820614537159
   Google Scholar
• De Molina, M. G., Petersen, P. F., Peña, F. G., & Caporal, F. R. (2019). Political agroecology: Advancing the transition to sustainable food systems. CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• El Nour, S. (2019). Egypt. Right to food in the Arab region. Arab NGO Network for Development.
   Google Scholar
• Hagedorn, K. (2015). Can the concept of integrative and segregative institutions contribute to the framing of institutions of sustainability? Sustainability, 7(1), S. 584–611. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7010584
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamade, K. (2019). Lebanon’s agriculture: Dynamics of contraction in the absence of public vision and policies. Arab NGO Network for Development.
   Google Scholar
• Hathaway, M. D. (2016). Agroecology and permaculture: Addressing key ecological problems by rethinking and redesigning agricultural systems. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 6(2), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0254-8
   Google Scholar
• Holt-Giménez, E., & Altieri, M. A. (2013). Agroecology, food sovereignty, and the new green revolution. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 37(1), 90–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein, H. (2019). Jordan’s food security: Heavy reliance on food imports while civil society promotes food sovereignty. Arab NGO Network for Development.
   Google Scholar
• IFOAM. (2022). https://directory.ifoam.bio/affiliates/5488-reseau-des-initiatives-agroecologiques-au-maroc
   Google Scholar
• Isma’il, L., & Dajani, M. (2021). Palestinian agroecological forum. Heinrich Böll Stiftung. https://ps.boell.org/en/2021/06/05/Palestinian-agroecological-forum-paf
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, K. (2015). The debate on food sovereignty theory: Agrarian capitalism, dispossession and agroecology. Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(1), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2014.945166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levidow, L., Pimbert, M., & Vanloqueren, G. (2014). Agroecological research: Conforming—or transforming the dominant agro-food regime? Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38(10), 1127–1155. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2014.951459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martiniello, G. (2019). Shifting the paradigm: Moving towards food sovereignty, theoretical and practical reflections. Arab NGO Network for Development.
   Google Scholar
• Mashapa, C., Mhuriro-Mashapa, P., Zisadza-Gandiwa, P., & Gandiwa, E. (2013). Adoption of agro-ecology practices in semi-arid environment of Chimanimani District, Eastern Zimbabwe. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 15(5), 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Menser, M. (2018). The territory of self-determination: Social reproduction, agro-ecology, and the role of the state. In P. Andree, J. Ayres, M. Bosia, & M.J. Massicotte (Eds.), Globalization and food sovereignty (pp. 53–83). University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Agriculture. (2020). The national agriculture strategy 2020–2025. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Lebanon.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. (2015). A frequently overlooked precondition of democracy: Citizens knowledgeable about and engaged in collective action. In D. H. Cole & M. D. McGinnis (Eds.), Elinor Ostrom and the Bloomington school of political economy, Volume 1. Polycentricity in public administration and political science (pp. 337–352). Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, V. (2015). Executive leadership, authority relationships, and public entrepreneurship. In D. H. Cole & M. D. McGinnis (Eds.), Elinor Ostrom and the Bloomington school of political economy, Volume 1. Polycentricity in public administration and political science (pp. 217–232). Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Patel, R. (2013). The long green revolution. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(1), 1–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.719224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razai, S. (2020, June 8). The universal at the expense of the particular: The tension between food security and food sovereignty. Ritimo. ( French).
   Google Scholar
• Rerhrhaye, K. (2019). Quel choix politique pour assurer le droit à l’alimentation? « Cas du Maroc». ANND.
   Google Scholar
• Riachi, R. (2019). Towards food sovereignty and a politicized right to food: A comparative perspective from the Arab world. ANND.
   Google Scholar
• Rivera-Ferre, M. G. (2018). The resignification process of agroecology: Competing narratives from governments, civil society and intergovernmental organizations. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 42(6), 666–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2018.1437498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosset, P. M., Machín Sosa, B., Roque Jaime, A. M., & Ávila Lozano, D. R. (2011). The Campesino-to-Campesino agroecology movement of ANAP in Cuba: Social process methodology in the construction of sustainable peasant agriculture and food sovereignty. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(1), 161–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2010.538584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadi, M. S. (2019). Impact of agricultural policies on food security in the Arab region. Arab NGO Network for Development.
   Google Scholar
• Salameh, R. (2019). Palestine. Right to food and sovereignty. Arab NGO Network for Development.
   Google Scholar
• Saqr, B., & Mattheisen, E. (2018). Operationalizing food sovereignty in the Egyptian constitution. In Schechla (coord.), The land and its people: Civil society voices address the crisis over natural resources in the Middle East/North Africa (pp. 311–316). Housing and Land Rights Network and Habitat International.
   Google Scholar
• Sartas, M., Bonaitu, E., Saakova, S., Graziano, V., & Akramkhanov, A. (2021). Complete scaling readiness study of agroecological farming approach and conservation agriculture system in Morocco. MEL, cgiar. https://hdl.handfel.net/20.500.11766/66895
   Google Scholar
• Souk El Tayeb. (2022). https://www.soukeltayeb.com/story
   Google Scholar
• Thiel, A. (2017). The scope of polycentric governance analysis and resulting challenges. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics, 5(3), S. 52–82.
   Google Scholar
• Thiel, A., Garrick, D. E., & Blomquist, W. A. (Eds.). (2019). Governing complexity: Analyzing and applying polycentricity. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thiel, A., Moser-Priewich, C. (2019). Foundational aspects of polycentric governance: Overarching rules, social-problem characteristics and heterogeneity. In A. Thiel, D.E. Garrick, & W.A. Blomquist (Eds.), Governing complexity: Analysing and applying polycentricity (pp. 65–90). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Ploeg, J. D. (2014). Peasant-driven agricultural growth and food sovereignty. Journal of Peasant Studies, 41(6), 999–1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.876997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wezel, A., Bellon, S., Doré, T., Francis, C., Vallod, D., & David, C. (2009). Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29(4), 503–515. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woertz, E. (2013). Oil for food: The global food crisis and the Middle East. OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Woertz, E. (2020). Wither the self-sufficiency illusion? Food security in Arab Gulf States and the impact of COVID-19. Food Security, 12(4), 757–760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01081-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woertz, E. (2018). Geopolitics, food and agriculture. In R. Zurayak, E. Woertz, & R. Bahn (Eds.), Crisis and conflict in agriculture (pp. 28). CABI.
   Google Scholar
• Zurayk, R. (2012). Global views of local food systems: Asking the right questions. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems and Community Development, 3(1), 17–19. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2012.031.018
   Google Scholar
• Zurayk, R. (2014). Global views of local food systems: The agrarian limits of the food movement. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 4(3), 19–22. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2014.043.018
   Google Scholar