When Guardians Matter Most: Exploring the Conditions Under Which Electoral Management Body Institutional Design Affects Election Integrity

References

• Alvarez, R.M., Atkeson, R.L. & Hall, T. (eds.). (2012). Confirming Elections: Creating Confidence and Integrity Through Election Auditing (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez, R.M., Hall, T.E. & Hyde, S.D. (eds.). (2008) Election Fraud: Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation (Washington: Brookings Institution Press).
   Google Scholar
• Birch, S. (2008) Electoral institutions and popular confidence in electoral processes: a cross-national analysis, Electoral Studies, 27(2), pp. 305–320. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2008.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch, S. (2011) Electoral Malpractice (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Birch, S. & van Ham, C. (2014) Getting away with foul play? The importance of formal and informal oversight institutions for electoral integrity. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the European Political Science Association, 3–6 September 2014, Glasgow and at the workshop on Election Institutions and Electoral Integrity, National University of Ireland (NUI), 16 October 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Bowler, S., Brunell, T., Donovan, T. & Gronke, P. (2015) Election administration and perceptions of fair elections, Electoral Studies, 38, pp. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2015.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, E. & Farrell, D.M. (2010) Electoral systems and election management, in: L. LeDuc, R.G. Niemi & P. Norris (Eds.) Comparing Democracies 3 Elections and Voting in the 21st Century (London: SAGE).
   Google Scholar
• Clark, A. (2015) Public Administration and the Integrity of the Electoral Process in British Elections, Public Administration, 93(1), pp. 86–102. doi: 10.1111/padm.12106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Lindberg, S.I., Teorell, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M., Fish, S., Glynn, A., Hicken, A., Knutsen, C.H., McMann, K., Pemstein, D., Reif, M., Skaaning, S.E., Staton, J., Tzelgov, E., Wang, Y. & Zimmerman, B. (2015a) Varieties of Democracy: Dataset v4, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
   Google Scholar
• Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Lindberg, S.I., Teorell, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M., Fish, S., Glynn, A., Hicken, A., Knutsen, C.H., McMann, K., Pemstein, D., Reif, M., Skaaning, S.E., Staton, J., Tzelgov, E., Wang, Y. & Zimmerman, B. (2015b) Varieties of Democracy: Codebook v4, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
   Google Scholar
• Davis-Roberts, A. & Carroll, D.J. (2010) Using international law to assess elections, Democratization, 17(3), pp. 416–441. doi: 10.1080/13510341003700253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donno, D. (2013) Defending Democratic Norms. International Actors and the Politics of Electoral Misconduct (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Elklit, J. & Svensson, P. (1997) What makes elections free and fair?, Journal of Democracy, 8(3), pp. 32–46. doi: 10.1353/jod.1997.0041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elklit, J. & Reynolds, A. (2001) Analysing the impact of election administration on democratic politics, Representation, 38(1), pp. 3–10. doi: 10.1080/00344890108523153
   Google Scholar
• Elklit, J. & Reynolds, A. (2005) A framework for the systematic study of election quality, Democratization, 12(2), pp. 147–162. doi: 10.1080/13510340500069204
   Google Scholar
• Fall, I., Hounkpe, M. & Jinadu, A. (2012) Election Management Bodies in West Africa. A Comparative Study of the Contribution of Electoral Commissions to the Strengthening of Democracy. Open Society Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, D. (2013) Ireland Needs an Electoral Commission Now!, available at: http://politicalreform.ie/2013/07/05/ireland-needs-an-electoral-commission-now/
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, D. (2014) New Electoral Commission Must Have Teeth and Proper Resources, available at: http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/new-electoral-commission-must-have-teeth-and-proper-resources-1.1989554
   Google Scholar
• Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security. (2012) Deepening Democracy: A Strategy for Improving the Integrity of Elections Worldwide. Report of the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, T. (2012) Evaluating Elections: A Handbook of Methods and Standards (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• van Ham, C. (2012 ) Beyond Electoralism? Electoral Fraud in Third Wave Regimes 1974–2009. PhD diss., European University Institute.
   Google Scholar
• van Ham, C. (2014) Getting elections right? Measuring electoral integrity, Democratization. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.877447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ham, C. & Lindberg, S.I. (2015) From sticks to carrots: electoral manipulation in Africa, 1986–2012, Government and Opposition, 50(3), pp. 521–548. doi: 10.1017/gov.2015.6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamberg, S. & Erlich, A. (2013) Electoral Management Bodies and the Quality of Elections in Sub-Sahara Africa Between 1990 and 2010, Paper Prepared for Delivery at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, 29 August 29–1 September.
   Google Scholar
• Hartlyn, J., McCoy, J. & Mustillo, T.M. (2008) Electoral governance matters: explaining the quality of elections in contemporary Latin America, Comparative Political Studies, 41(1), pp. 73–98. doi: 10.1177/0010414007301701
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde, S.D. (2011) Catch us if you can: election monitoring and international norm diffusion, American Journal of Political Science, 55(2), pp. 356–369. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00508.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde, S. & Marinov, N. (2012) Which elections can be lost?, Political Analysis, 20(2), pp. 191–210. doi: 10.1093/pan/mpr040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International IDEA. (2006) Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (Stockholm: International IDEA).
   Google Scholar
• International IDEA. (2014) Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (Stockholm: International IDEA). Revised edition.
   Google Scholar
• James, T.S. (2013) Fixing failures of UK electoral management, Electoral Studies, 32(4), pp. 597–608. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2013.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, T.S. (2014a) The Spill-over and displacement effects of implementing election administration reforms: introducing individual electoral registration in Britain, Parliamentary Affairs, 67(2), pp. 281–305. doi: 10.1093/pa/gss032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, T.S. (2014b). Electoral management in Britain, in: P. Norris, R. Frank & F. Martinez I Coma (eds.) Advancing Electoral Integrity (New York: Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Kelley, J. & Kiril, K. (2010) Election Quality and International Observation 1975–2004: Two New Datasets. Duke University, 2010, available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1694654.
   Google Scholar
• Lehoucq, F. (2003) Electoral fraud: causes, types, and consequences, Annual Review of Political Science, 6, pp. 233–256. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.6.121901.085655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehoucq, F. & Kolev, K. (2015) Varying the un-variable: social structure, electoral formulae, and election quality, Political Research Quarterly, 68(2), pp. 1–15. doi: 10.1177/1065912915578176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, I. & Alvarez, M.R. (2012) Introduction to the virtual issue: election fraud and electoral integrity, Political Analysis, 20(2), pp. 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg, S. (2006) Democracy and Elections in Africa (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg, S., ed. (2009) Democratization by Elections. A New Mode of Transition (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press).
   Google Scholar
• López-Pintor, R. (2000) Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions of Governance (New York: Bureau For Development Policy, United Nations Development Programme).
   Google Scholar
• Martinez i Coma, F. & van Ham, C. (2015) Can experts judge elections? Testing the validity of expert judgments for measuring election integrity, European Journal of Political Research, 54(2), pp. 305–325. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munck, G.L. (2009) Measuring Democracy: A Bridge Between Scholarship and Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2013) Does the world agree about standards of electoral integrity? Evidence for the diffusion of global norms, Electoral Studies, 32(4), pp. 576–588. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2013.07.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2014) Why Electoral Integrity Matters (New York: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2015) Why Elections Fail (New York: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P., Frank, R.W. & Martinez I Coma, F. (2014) Measuring electoral integrity: a new dataset, PS Politics and Political Science, 47(4), pp. 789–798. doi: 10.1017/S1049096514001061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastor, R.A. (1999) The role of electoral administration in democratic transitions: implications for policy and research, Democratization, 6(4), pp. 1–27. doi: 10.1080/13510349908403630
   Google Scholar
• Pemstein, D., Tzelgov, E. & Wang, Y. (2015). Evaluating and Improving Item Response Theory Models for Cross-National Expert Surveys. Varieties of Democracy Institute: Working Paper Series No. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Pottie, D. (2001) Electoral management and democratic governance in Southern Africa, Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies, 28(2), pp. 133–155. doi: 10.1080/02589340120091628
   Google Scholar
• Reidy, T. (2014) We Need an Electoral Commission Urgently, available at: http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/elections/dr-theresa-reidy-we-need-an-electoral-commission-urgently-30313129.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rosas, G. (2010) Trust in elections and the institutional design of electoral authorities: evidence from Latin America, Electoral Studies, 29, pp. 74–90. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2009.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B. (2011) The Quality of Government. Corruption, Social Trust and Inequality in International Perspective (Chicago: Chicago University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B. & Teorell, J. (2008). What is quality of government? A theory of impartial government institutions, Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 21(2), pp. 165–190. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00391.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schedler, A. (2002) The menu of manipulation, Journal of Democracy, 13(2), pp. 36–50. doi: 10.1353/jod.2002.0031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schedler, A. (2013) The Politics of Uncertainty. Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Simpser, A. (2013) Why Governments and Parties Manipulate Elections: Theory, Practice, and Implications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Sinnott, R., Coakley, J., O'Dowd, J. & McBride, J. (2008). Preliminary study on the establishment of an electoral commission in Ireland. Report submitted to the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, November 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Teorell, J., Charron, N., Dahlberg, S., Holmberg, S., Rothstein, B., Sundin, P. & Svensson, R. (2013) The Quality of Government Dataset, Version 20Dec13. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute, available at: http://www.qog.pol.gu.se.
   Google Scholar
• Year in Elections. (2014) Election Integrity Project, available at: https://sites.google.com/site/electoralintegrityproject4/projects/expert-survey-2/the-year-in-elections-2014.
   Google Scholar