References
- Adriosh, M. M., & Razi, O. (2016). Investigating Nigerian University students’ perceptions towards English language dominance over their indigenous languages. The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences, 5, 206–213.
- Bámgbóṣé, A. (1991). Language and the nation. Edinburgh University Press.
- Barnett, J., Deng, R., & Baya Yoasa, N. (2008). Post-conflict issues at the University of Juba, southern Sudan: Policies, proficiencies and practicalities. The Australasian Review of African Studies, 29(1&2), 92–103. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316informit.371721497624121
- Bayiga, F. T. (2016). Profiles of multilingualism in Kampala: An analysis of language biographies and language repertoires of university students. [Unpublished PhD thesis]. Stellenbosch University.
- Bonacina-Pugh, F., Barakos, E., & Chen, Q. (2022). Language policy in the internationalisation of higher education in Anglophone countries: The interplay between language policy as ‘text’,‘discourse’ and ‘practice’. Applied Linguistics Review, 13(6), 1103–1125. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2019-0148
- Brock-Utne, Birgit. (2003). Formulating higher education policies in Africa: The pressure from external forces and the neoliberal agenda. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 1(1), 24–56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24486113
- Chakrani, B., & Huang, J. L. (2014). The work of ideology: Examining class, language use, and attitudes among Moroccan university students. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 17(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2012.718319
- Chavula, J. (2019). How does the English only medium work in the classroom: A survey report. See: http://langdev.mw/downloads/How%20Does%20The%20English%20Only%20Medium%20Work%20In%20The%20Classroom.pdf
- Chilora, H. G. (2000). School language policy research and practice in Malawi. Paper presented at Comparative and International Education Society (CIES) 2000 Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA, March 8th-12th.
- Copland, F., & Creese, A. (2015). Linguistic ethnography: Collecting, analysing and presenting data. Sage Publications.
- Costley, T., & Reilly, C. (2021). Methodological principles for researching multilingually: Reflections on linguistic ethnography. TESOL Quarterly, 55(3), 1035–1047. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3037
- Dearden, J. (2014). English as medium of instruction. British Council.
- Doiz, A., Lasagabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M. (2013). English-Medium instruction at universities: Global challenges. Multilingual Matters.
- Dominic, P A. (2011). Language practices and identities of multilingual students in a Western Cape Tertiary Institution: Implications for teaching and learning. [Unpublished MA thesis]. University of the Western Cape.
- Duong, V. A., & Chua, C. S. K. (2016). English as a symbol of internationalization in higher education: A case study of Vietnam. Higher Education Research and Development, 35(4), 669–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2015.1137876
- Dyers, C. (2015). Multilingualism in late-modern Africa: Identity, mobility and multivocality. International Journal of Bilingualism, 19(2), 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006913489203
- Ekkehard Wolff, H. (2016). Language and development in Africa: Perceptions, ideologies and challenges. Cambridge University Press.
- Erling, E., John Clegg, J., Rubagumya, C., & Reilly, C. (Eds.) (2021). Multilingual learning and language supportive pedagogies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Routledge.
- Erling, E. J., Adinolfi, L., & Hultgren, A. K. (2017). Multilingual classrooms: Opportunities and challenges for English medium instruction in low- and middle-income contexts. The Open University. https://www.theewf.org/uploads/pdf/renglish-medium-instruction-in-low-and-middle-income-contexts.pdf
- Ferguson, G. (2013). English, development and education: Charting the tensions. In E. Erling, & P. Seargeant (Eds.), English and development: Policy, pedagogy and globalization (pp. 21–44). Multilingual Matters.
- Government of the Republic of Malawi. (2016). National education policy. Lilongwe: Ministry of Education Science and Technology.
- Halvorsen, T. A. (2010). The ICT influence on the choice of language in higher education in Tanzania: Pictures from fieldwork at UDSM in 2008-2009. In Z. Desai, M. Qorro, & B. Brock-Utne (Eds.), Educational challenges in multilingual societies (pp. 306–332). African Minds.
- International Association of Universities. (2013). The guide to higher education in Africa. Palgrave.
- Irakoze, S. J. (2015). The impact of English on Kirundi and French in Burundi: Use and attitudes among Burundian students. Unpublished MA thesis. University of Tlemcen.
- Johnson, D. (2013). Language policy. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Kalmanlehto, I. (2014). Mixed domains and multilingual practices: An ethnographic study of Tanzanian university students’ language use [Unpublished MA thesis]. University of Tampere.
- Kamtukule, V. (2019). Rationale for the current language policy. See: http://www.langdev.mw/downloads/Rationale%20for%20the%20Current%20Language%20Policy.pdf
- Kamwangamalu, N. M. (2018). The issue of the medium of instruction in Africa as an “inheritance situation. Current Issues in Language Planning, 19(2), 133–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2017.1357987
- Kamwendo, G. (2003). Is Malawi guilty of spoiling the queen’s language? English Today, 19(2), 30–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078403002062
- Kayambazinthu, E. (1998). The language planning situation in Malawi. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 19(5&6), 369–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434639808666363
- Kishindo, P. J. (2015). The bird that was not allowed to fly: The case of the mother tongue language-in-education policy in Malawi. In L. Miti (Ed.), The language of instruction question in Malawi (pp. 9–29). CASAS.
- Komba, S. C. 2015. “The perceived importance of communication skills course among university students: The case of two universities in Tanzania.” African Journal of Teacher Education 4(2), 497–408. https://doi.org/10.21083/ajote.v4i2.3064
- Kouega, J.-P. (2008). Bilingualism at tertiary level education in Cameroon: The case of the University of Yaounde II (Soa). ISB6: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Bilingualism. 1-13.
- Kretzer, M. M., & Kumwenda, J. I. (2016). Language policy in Malawi: A study of its contexts, factors for its development and consequences. Marang: Journal of Language and Literature, 27(1), 20–38.
- Liddicoat, A. J. (2016). Language planning in universities: Teaching, research and administration. Current Issues in Language Planning, 17(3&4), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2016.1216351
- Makoni, S., & Mashiri, P. (2006). Critical historiography: Does language planning in Africa need a construct of language as part of its theoretical apparatus? In S. Makoni, & A. Pennycook (Eds.), Disinventing and reconstituting languages (pp. 62–89). Multilingual Matters.
- Marie, K. A. (2013). Coping with English as a language of instruction in higher education in Rwanda. International Journal of Higher Education, 2(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v2n2p1
- Matiki, A. J. (2001). The social significance of English in Malawi. World Englishes, 20(2), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-971X.00209
- Mazak, C., & Carroll, K. S. (eds.). (2016). Translanguaging in higher education: Beyond monolingual ideologies. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
- McKinney, C. (2020). Decoloniality and language in education: Transgressing language boundaries in South Africa. In J. A. Windle, D. de Jesus, & L. Bartlett (Eds.), The dynamics of language and inequality in education (pp. 115–132). Multilingual Matters.
- Miti, L. (Ed.) (2015). The language of instruction question in Malawi. CASAS.
- National Council for Higher Education. (2014). Standards for accreditation of Malawi’s higher education institutions. NCHE.
- Ndhlovu, F., & Makalela, L. (2021). Decolonising multilingualism in Africa: Recentering silenced voices from the global south. Multilingual Matters.
- Njurai, E. W. (2015). Language practices of trilingual undergraduate students engaging with Mathematics in Kenya [Unpublished PhD thesis]. University of South Africa.
- Ntereke, B. B., & Ramoroka, B. T. (2017). Reading competency of first-year undergraduate students at university of Botswana: A case study. Reading and Writing, 8(1), A123. https://doi.org/10.4102/rw.v8i1.123
- Oduor, J. A. (2015). Towards a practical proposal for multilingualism in education in Kenya. Multilingual Education, 5(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13616-014-0015-0
- Puplampu, K. P. (2006). Critical perspectives on higher education and globalization in Africa. In A. A. Abdi, K. P. Puplampu, & G. J. Sefa Dei (Eds.), African education and globalization: Critical perspectives (pp. 31–52). Rowman and Littlefield.
- Reilly, C. (2019). Attitudes towards English as a medium of instruction in Malawian universities. English Academy Review, 36(1), 32–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10131752.2019.1582150
- Reilly, C. (2021). Malawian universities as translanguaging spaces. In B. Paulsrud, Z. Tian, & J. Toth (Eds.), English-Medium instruction and translanguaging (pp. 29–42). Multilingual Matters.
- Reilly, C., Bagwasi, M. M., Costley, T., Gibson, H., Kula, N. C., Mapunda, G., & Mwansa, J. (2022). ‘Languages don’t have bones, so you can just break them’: Rethinking multilingualism in education policy and practice in Africa. Journal of the British Academy, 10(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010s4.001
- Reilly, C., Chimbutane, F., Clegg, J., Rubagumya, C., & Erling, E. J. (Eds). (2023). Multilingual learning: Assessment, ideologies and policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Taylor & Francis.
- South African Department of Higher Education and Training. (2015). Report on the use of African languages as mediums of instruction in higher education. Pretoria: Department of Higher Education and Training.
- Spolsky, B. (2004). Language policy. Cambridge University Press.
- Stromquist, N. P. (2002). Education in a globalized world: The connectivity of economic power, technology, and knowledge. Rowman and Littlefield.
- Tande, D. (2006). University of Buea’s anti-pidgin campaign in pictures. Scribbles from the Den. https://www.dibussi.com/2006/09/ubs_antipidgin_.html
- Walsh, C. E. (2018). Decoloniality in/as praxis. In W. D. Mignolo, & C. E. Walsh (Eds.), On decoloniality: Concepts, analytics, praxis (pp. 1–104). Duke University Press.
- Wills, A. R., Reuter, K. E., Gudiel, A. A., Hessert, B. P., & Sewall, B. J. (2014). Barriers to student success in Madagascar. Global Education Review, 1(4), 114–134.