Contributions of larval biology to crustacean research: a review

References

• Abele , L. G. 1991 . Comparison of morphological and molecular phylogeny of the Decapoda . Mem. Qd Mus , 31 : 101 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Alerstam , T. 2003 . The lobster navigators . Nature , 421 : 27 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anger , K. 2001 . The Biology of Decapod Crustacean Larvae. Crustacean Issues 14. A.A. Balkema, Lisse, The Netherlands
   Google Scholar
• Anger , K. 2003 . Salinity as a key parameter in the larval biology of decapod crustaceans . Invert. Reprod. Develop , 43 : 29 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anger , K. 2005 . The early life history of Sesarma fossarum an endemic freshwater crab from Jamaica . Invert. Reprod. Develop , 47 : 63 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anger , K. and Schubart , C. D. 2005 . Experimental evidence of food-independent larval development in endemic Jamaican freshwater-breeding crabs . Physiol. Biochem. Zool , 78 : 246 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anger , K. and Lovrich , G. A. 2004 . Thatje, S. and Calcagno, J.A., Larval and early juvenile development of Lithodes santolla (Molina, 1782) (Decapoda: Anomura: Lithodidae) reared at different temperatures in the laboratory . J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol , 306 : 217 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anger , K. , Montu , M. , Bakker , C. and Loureiro Fernandes , L. L. 1990 . Larval development of Uca thayeri Rathbun, 1900 (Decapoda: Ocypodidae) reared in the laboratory . Meeresforsch , 32 : 276 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Anger , K. , Spivak , E. and Luppi , T. 1998 . Effects of reduced salinities on development and bioenergetics of early larval shore crab, Carcinus maenas . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol , 220 : 287 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur , W. 2000 . Intraspecific variation in developmental characters: the origin of evolutionary novelties . Amer. Zool , 40 : 811 – 818 .
   Google Scholar
• Audet , D. , Davis , D. S. , Miron , G. , Moriyasu , M. , Benhalima , K. and Campbell , R. 2003 . Geographical expansion of a nonindigenous crab, Carcinus maenas (L.), along the Nova Scotian shore into the southeastern Gulf of St . Lawrence, Canada. J. Shellfish Res , 22 : 255 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bas , C. C. and Spivak , E. D. 2003 . Effects of embryonic salinity exposure on larval development in two populations of the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulatus Dana, 1851 (Crustacea: Brachyura) . Invert. Reprod. Develop , 43 : 117 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer , R. T. 2004 . Remarkable Shrimps: Adaptations and Natural History of the Carideans. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman
   Google Scholar
• Bayne , B. and Honkoop , P. J.C. 2003 . Phenotypic flexibility and the evolution of organismal design . Trends Ecol. Evol , 18 : 554 – 555 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrens Yamada , S. , Dumbauld , B. R. , Kalin , A. , Hunt , C. E. , Figlar-Barnes , R. and Randall , A. 2005 . Growth and persistence of a recent invader Carcinus maenas in estuaries of the northeastern Pacific . Biol. Invasions , 7 : 309 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Beltz , B. S. , Helluy , S. M. , Ruchhoeft , M. L. and Gammill , L. S. 1992 . Aspects of the embryology and neural development of the American lobster . J. Exp. Zool , 261 : 288 – 297 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bennett , C. E. and Marshall , D. J. 2005 . The relative energetic costs of the larval period, larval swimming and metamorphosis for the ascidian Diplosoma listerianum . Mar. freshw. Behav. Physiol , 38 : 21 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrill , M. 1982 . The life cycle of the green crab Carcinus maenas at the northern end of its range . J. Crust. Biol , 2 : 31 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Bilodeau , A. L. , Felder , D. L. and Neigel , J. E. 2005 . Population structure at two geographic scales in the burrowing crustacean Callichirus islagrande (Decapoda, Thalassinidea): historical and contemporary barriers to planktonic dispersal . Evolution , 59 : 2125 – 2138 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bilton , D. T. , Paula , J. and Bishop , J. D.D. 2002 . Dispersal, genetic differentiation and speciation in estuarine organisms . Est. Coast. Shelf Sci , 55 : 937 – 952 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohn , T. , Sandlund , O. T. , Amundsen , P. A. and Primicerio , R. 2004 . Rapidly changing life history during invasion . Oikos , 106 : 138 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borradaile , L. A. 1907 . On the classification of the decapod crustaceans . Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 7 , 19 : 457 – 486 .
   Google Scholar
• Botsford , L. W. , Moloney , C. L. , Hastings , A. , Largier , J. L. , Powell , T. M. , Higgins , K. and Quinn , J. F. 1994 . The influence of spatially and temporally varying oceanographic conditions on meroplanktonic metapopulations . Deep-Sea Res. Part II , 41 : 107 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouvier , E. L. 1897 . La transformation des Bernards l'Ermite en Lithodes . Naturaliste , 2 ( 19 ) : 41 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Bosc , L. A.G. 1802 . Histoire naturelle des Crustacés, contenant leur Descritption et leurs Moeurs; avec figures dessinées d'après nature. Paris, Chez Deterville. 2
   Google Scholar
• Bowler , D. E. and Benton , T. G. 2005 . Causes and consequences of animal dispersal strategies: relating individual behaviour to spatial dynamics . Biol. Rev , 80 : 205 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman , T. E. and Abele , L. G. 1982 . “ Classification of the recent Crustacea. ” . In Systematics Edited by: Abele , L. G. Vol. 1 , 1 – 27 . New York : Academic Press . the Fossil Record and Biogeography, The Biology of Crustacea, Vol
   Google Scholar
• Bradford , R. W. , Bruce , B. D. , Chiswell , S. M. , Booth , J. D. , Jeffs , A. and Wotherspoon , S. 2005 . Vertical distribution and diurnal migration patterns of Jasus edwardsii phyllosomas off the east coast of the North Island, New Zealand . N.Z. J. mar. freshw. Res , 39 : 593 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodie , R. J. 1999 . Ontogeny of shell-related behaviors and transition to land in the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita compressus H . Milne Edwards. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol , 241 : 67 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron , B. and Metaxas , A. 2005 . Invasive green crab, Carcinus maenas on the Atlantic coast and in the Bras d'Or Lakes of Nova Scotia, Canada: larval supply and recruitment . J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K , 85 : 847 – 855 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlton , J. T. and Cohen , A. N. 2003 . Episodic global dispersal in shallow water marine organisms: the case history of the European shore crabs Carcinus maenas C aestuarii . J. Biogeogr. , 30 : 1809 – 1820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro , P. 1978 . Settlement and habitat selection in the larvae of Echinoecus pentagonus (A . Milne Edwards), a brachyuran crab symbiotic with sea urchins. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol , 34 : 259 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , B. K.K. , Poon , D. Y.N. and Walker , G. 2005 . Distribution, adult morphology, and larval development of Sacculina sinensis (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Kentrogonida) in Hong Kong coastal waters . J. Crust. Biol , 25 : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , E. S. and Bruce , M. J. 1981 . Ecdysteroid titers of larval lobsters . Comp. Biochem. Physiol , 70 : 239 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , E. S. , Chang , S. A. and Mulder , E. P. 2001 . Hormones in the lives of crustaceans: an overview . Am. Zool , 41 : 1090 – 1097 .
   Google Scholar
• Charmantier-Daures , M. and Vernet , G. 2004 . “ Moulting, autotomy, and regeneration. ” . In The Crustacea Edited by: Forest , J. , Klein , Vaupel and Brill , J. C. Vol. 7 , 161 – 255 . Leiden . Traité De Zoologie, Vol
   Google Scholar
• Charmantier , G. 1998 . Ontogeny of osmoregulation in crustaceans: a review . Invert. Reprod. Develop , 33 : 177 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmantier , G. , Giménez , L. , Charmantier-Daures , M. and Anger , K. 2002 . Ontogeny of osmoregulation, physiological plasticity, and larval export strategy in the grapsid crab Chasmagnathus granulata (Crustacea, Decapoda) . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 229 : 185 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiswell , S. M. and Booth , J. D. 2005 . Distribution of mid- and late-stage Jasus edwardsii phyllosomas: implications for larval recruitment processes . N.Z. J. mar. Freshw. Res , 39 : 1157 – 1170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen , M. E. and Costlow , J. D. 1982 . Ultrastructural study of the exoskeleton of the estuarine crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii: effect of the insect growth regulator Dimilin (Diflubenzuron) on the formation of the larval cuticle . Mar. Biol , 66 : 217 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare , A. S. , Rittschof , D. , Gerhart , D. J. , Hooper , I. R. and Bonaventura , J. 1999 . Antisettlement and narcotic action of analogues of diterpene marine natural product antifoulants from octocorals . Mar. Biotechnol , 1 : 427 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , G. F. and Johnston , E. L. 2005 . Manipulating larval supply in the field: a controlled study of marine invasibility . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 298 : 9 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , P. F. 2000 . Interpreting patterns in chaetotaxy and segmentation associated with abbreviated brachyuran zoeal development . Invert. Reprod. Develop , 38 : 171 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , P. F. 2005 . The evolutionary significance of heterochrony in the abbreviated zoeal development of pilumnine crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthoidea) . Zool. J. Linn. Soc , 143 : 417 – 446 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , P. F. , Calazans , D. K. and Pohle , G. W. 1998a . Accuracy and standardization of Brachyuran larval descriptions . Invert. Reprod. Develop , 33 : 127 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , P. F. , Rainbow , P. S. , Robbins , R. S. , Smith , B. , Yeomans , W. E. , Thomas , M. and Dobson , G. 1998b . The alien Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura), in the Thames catchment . J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K , 78 : 1215 – 1221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , A. , Barnes , D. K.A. and Hodgson , D. A. 2005 . How isolated is Antarctica? . Trends Ecol. Evol , 20 : 1 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. H. and Forward , R. B. 2003 . Ctenophore kairomones and modified aminosugar disaccharides alter the shadow response in a larval crab . J. Plankton Res , 25 : 203 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly , S. R. and Roughgarden , J. 1998 . A latitudinal gradient in northeast Pacific intertidal community structure: evidence for an oceanographically based synthesis of marine community theory . Am. Natur , 151 : 311 – 326 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Connolly , S. R. and Roughgarden , J. 1999 . Theory of marine communities: competition, predation, and recruitmentdependent interaction strength . Ecol. Monogr , 69 : 277 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly , S. R. , Menge , B. A. and Roughgarden , J. 2001 . A latitudinal gradient in recruitment of intertidal invertebrates in the northeast Pacific Ocean . Ecology , 82 : 1799 – 1813 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criales , M. M. and Anger , K. 1986 . Experimental studies on the larval development of the shrimps Crangon crangon C allmanni . Helgoländer Meeresunters , 40 : 241 – 265 .
   Google Scholar
• Criales , M. M. , Wang , J. D. , Browder , J. A. , Robblee , M. B. , Jackson , T. L. and Hittle , C. 2006 . Variability in supply and cross-shelf transport of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) postlarvae into western Florida Bay . Fish. Bull. U.S , 104 : 60 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp , D. J. 1974 . “ Factors influencing the settlement of marine invertebrate larvae. ” . In Chemoreception in Marine Organisms Edited by: Grant , P. T. and Mackie , A. M. 177 – 267 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cruz , T. , Castro , J. J. , Delany , J. , McGrath , D. , Myers , A. A. , O'Riordan , R. M. , Power , A.-M. , Rabaca , J. and Hawkins , S. J. 2005 . Tidal rates of settlement of the intertidal barnacles Chthamalus stellatus Chthamalus montagui in western Europe: the influence of the night/day cycle . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol , 318 : 51 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham , C. W. , Blackstone , N. W. and Buss , L. W. 1992 . Evolution of king crabs from hermit crab ancestors . Nature , 355 : 539 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahms , H. U. 2000 . Phylogenetic implications of the Crustacean nauplius . Hydrobiologia , 417 : 91 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dall , W. , Hill , B. J. , Rothlisberg , P. C. and Staples , D. J. 1990 . The Biology of the Penaeidae . Adv. mar. Biol , 27 : 1 – 461 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day , R. and McEdward , L. 1984 . “ Aspects of the physiology and ecology of pelagic larvae of marine benthic invertebrates. ” . In Marine Plankton Life Cycle Strategies Edited by: Steidinger , K. A. and Walker , L. M. 94 – 120 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• de Queiroz , A. 2005 . The resurrection of oceanic dispersal in historical biogeography . Trends Ecol. Evol , 20 : 68 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delany , J. , Myers , A. A. , Mcgrath , D. , O'Riordan , R. M. and Power , A. M. 2003 . Role of post-settlement mortality and ‘supply-side’ ecology in setting patterns of intertidal distribution in the chthamalid barnacles Chthamalus montagui C stellatus . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 249 : 207 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deRivera , C. E. , Ruiz , G. M. , Hines , A. H. and Jivoff , P. 2005 . Biotic resistance to invasion: native predator limits abundance and distribution of an introduced crab . Ecology , 86 : 3364 – 3376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobkin , S. 1961 . Early developmental stages of pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum from Florida waters . Fish. Bull. U.S , 61 : 321 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Drach , P. 1939 . Mue et cycle d'intermue chez les Crustacés décapodes . Annls. Inst. Océanogr., Monaco , 19 : 103 – 391 .
   Google Scholar
• Eckert , G. L. 2003 . Effects of the planktonic period on marine population fluctuations . Ecology , 84 : 372 – 383 .
   Google Scholar
• Epelbaum , A. B. and Kovatcheva , N. P. 2005 . Daily food intakes and optimal food concentrations for red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) larvae fed Artemia nauplii under laboratory conditions . Aquaculture Nutr , 11 : 455 – 461 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst , B. , Orensanz , J. M. and Armstrong , D. A. 2005 . Spatial dynamics of female snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) in the eastern Bering Sea . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci , 62 : 250 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etherington , L. L. and Eggleston , D. B. 2003 . Spatial dynamics of large-scale, multistage crab (Callinectes sapidus) dispersal: determinants and consequences for recruitment . Can. J. Fish. Aquat.Sci , 60 : 873 – 887 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , K. L. , Warren , P. H. and Gaston , K. J. 2005 . Species-energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms . Biol. Rev , 80 : 1 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feder , M. E. , Bennett , A. F. and Huey , R. B. 2000 . Evolutionary physiology . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst , 31 : 315 – 341 .
   Google Scholar
• Felder , D. L. , Martin , J. W. and Goy , J. W. 1985 . “ Patterns in early postlarval development of Decapods. ” . In Larval Growth Edited by: Wenner , A. M. Vol. 2 , 163 – 225 . Rotterdam : Balkema . Crustacean Issues, Vol
   Google Scholar
• Feldmann , R. M. 2003 . Interpreting ecology and physiology of fossil decapod crustaceans . Contr. Zool , 72 : 111 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Fielder , D. R. , Greenwood , J. G. and Ryall , J. C. 1975 . Larval development of the tiger prawn, Penaeus esculentus Haswell, 1879 (Decapoda, Penaeidae) reared in the laboratory . Austr. J. mar. Freshw. Res , 26 : 155 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fincham , A. A. 1983 . Larval development of British prawns and shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda, Natantia). 4. Palaemon (Palaemon) serratus (Pennant, 1777) and functional morphology of swimming . Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Zool.) , 44 : 125 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Forward , R. B. and Rittschof , D. 2000 . Alteration of photoresponses involved in diel vertical migration of a crab larva by fish mucus and degradation products of mucopolysaccharides . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol , 245 : 277 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forward , R. B. , Tankersley , R. A. and Rittschof , D. 2001 . Cues for metamorphosis of brachyuran crabs: an overview . Am. Zool , 41 : 1108 – 1122 .
   Google Scholar
• Fraschetti , S. , Giangrande , A. , Terlizzi , A. and Boero , F. 2002 . Pre- and post-settlement events in benthic community dynamics . Oceanologica Acta , 25 : 285 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Frenot , Y. , Chown , S. L. , Whinam , J. , Selkirk , P. M. , Convey , P. , Skotnicki , M. and Bergstrom , D. M. 2005 . Biol . Invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biol. Rev , 80 : 45 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Berthou , E. , Alcaraz , C. , Pou-Rovira , Q. , Zamora , L. , Coenders , G. and Feo , C. 2005 . Introduction pathways and establishment rates of invasive aquatic species in Europe . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci , 62 : 453 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner , C. , Maguire , G. B. and Williams , H. 2004 . Effects of water temperature and thermoclines on larval behaviour and development in the giant crab Pseudocarcinus gigas (Lamarck) . J. Plankton Res , 26 : 393 – 402 .
   Google Scholar
• Gebauer , P. , Paschke , K. and Anger , K. 2002 . Metamorphosis in a semiterrestrial crab, Sesarma curacaoense: intra- and interspecific settlement cues from adult odors . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol , 268 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebauer , P. , Paschke , K. and Anger , K. 2003 . Delayed metamorphosis in Decapod Crustaceans: evidence and consequences . Rev. Chil. Hist. nat , 76 : 169 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , R. W. 2005 . Evolution of life cycles, including migration, in spiny lobsters (Palinuridae) . N.Z. J. mar. Freshw. Res , 39 : 503 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gherardi , F. and Daniels , W. H. 2004 . Agonism and shelter competition between invasive and indigenous crayfish species . Can. J. Zool , 82 : 1923 – 1932 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , S. F. 2001 . Ecological developmental biology: developmental biology meets the real world . Devel. Biol , 233 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giménez , L. 2003 . Potential effects of physiological plastic responses to salinity on population networks of the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata . Helgol. Mar. Res , 56 : 265 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Giménez , L. 2004 . Marine community ecology: importance of trait-mediated effects propagating through complex life cycles . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 283 : 303 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Giménez , L. and Anger , K. 2003 . Larval performance in an estuarine crab, Chasmagnathus granulata is a consequence of both larval and embryonic experience . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 249 : 251 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gimenez , L. and Anger , K. 2005 . Effects of temporary food limitation on survival and development of brachyuran crab larvae . J. Plankton Res , 27 : 485 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giménez , L. , Anger , K. and Torres , G. 2004 . Linking life history traits in successive phases of a complex life cyle: effects of larval biomass on early juvenile development in an estuarine crab, Chasmagnathus granulata . Oikos , 104 : 570 – 580 .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , A. 2003 . Geohistory models and Cenozoic paleoenvironments of the Caribbean region . Syst. Bot , 28 : 378 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grantham , B. A. , Eckert , G. L. and Shanks , A. L. 2003 . Dispersal potential of marine invertebrates in diverse habitats . Ecol. Appl , 13 : S108 – S116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenaway , P. 1999 . “ Physiological diversity and the colonization of land. ” . In Crustaceans and the Biodiversity Crisis Edited by: Schram , F. R. and von Vaupel Klein , J. C. 823 – 842 . Leiden, , The Netherlands : Koninklijke Brill NV . 1
   Google Scholar
• Groeneveld , J. C. and Branch , G. M. 2002 . Long-distance migration of South African deep-water rock lobster Palinurus gilchristi . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 232 : 225 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurney , R. 1939 . Bibliography of the Larvae of Decapod Crustacea. Ray Society, London
   Google Scholar
• Haeckel , E. 1866 . Generelle Morphologie der Organismen: Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen. Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. 1. Georg Riemer, Berlin
   Google Scholar
• Halanych , K. M. 2004 . The new view of animal phylogeny . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst , 35 : 229 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , B. K. and Wake , M. H. 1999 . The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms. Academic Press, San Diego
   Google Scholar
• Hamer , J. P. , McCollin , T. A. and Lucas , I. A.N. 1998 . Viability of decapod larvae in ships' ballast water . Mar. Poll. Bull , 36 : 646 – 647 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms , J. 1992 . Larval development and delayed metamorphosis in the hermit crab Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille) (Crustacea, Diogenidae) . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol , 156 : 151 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms , J. 1998 . The neozoan Elminius modestus Darwin (Crustacea, Cirripedia): possible explanations for its successful invasion in European water . Helgoländer Meeresunters , 52 : 337 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Harms , J. and Anger , K. 1989 . Settlement of the barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin on test panels at Helgoland (North Sea): a ten year study . Scient. Mar , 53 : 417 – 421 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartnoll , R. G. 2001 . Growth in Crustacea—twenty years on . Hydrobiologia , 449 : 111 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , A. W. 1996 . Delayed metamorphosis in Florida hermit crabs: multiple cues and constraints (Crustacea: Decapoda: Paguridae and Diogenidae) . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 141 : 27 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastings , A. , Cuddington , K. , Davies , K. F. , Dugaw , C. J. , Elmendorf , S. , Freestone , A. , Harrison , S. , Holland , M. , Lambrinos , J. , Malvadkar , U. , Melbourne , B. A. , Moore , K. , Taylor , C. and Thomson , D. 2005 . The spatial spread of invasions: new developments in theory and evidence . Ecol. Letters , 8 : 91 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havenhand , J. N. 1995 . “ Evolutionary ecology of larval types. ” . In Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae Edited by: McEdward , L. R. 79 – 122 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hedges , S. B. 1996 . Vicariance and dispersal in Caribbean biogeography . Herpetologica , 52 : 466 – 473 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herborg , L.-M. , Rushton , S. P. , Clare , A. S. and Bentley , M. G. 2003 . Spread of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis H . Milne Edwards) in Continental Europe: analysis of a historical data set. Hydrobiologia , 503 : 21 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Høeg , J. T. 1995 . The biology and life-cycle of the rhizocephala (Cirripedia) . J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K , 75 : 517 – 550 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , S. Y. 1988 . Development of epipods and gills in some pagurids and brachyurans . J. nat. Hist , 22 : 1005 – 1040 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoßfeld , U. and Olsson , L. 2003 . The road from Haeckel: The Jena tradition in evolutionary morphology and the origins of “Evo-Devo” . Biol. Philos , 18 : 285 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , S. C. and Hentschel , B. T. 2005 . Effects of short-term food variability on the plasticity of age and size at metamorphosis of porcelain crab larvae . Limnol. Oceanogr , 50 : 1960 – 1971 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , T. P. , Baird , A. H. , Dinsdale , E. A. , Moltschaniwskyj , N. A. , Pratchett , M. S. , Tanner , J. E. and Willis , B. L. 2000 . Supplyside ecology works both ways: the link between benthic adults, fecundity, and larval recruits . Ecology , 81 : 2241 – 2249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingle , R. W. 1998 . Decapod larval taxonomic research in the North Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean: past achievements and future prospects . Invert. Reprod. Develop , 33 : 97 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablonski , D. 1982 . Evolutionary rates and modes in late Cretaceous gastropods: role of larval ecology . Third North American Palaeontological Convention Proceedings , 1 : 257 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Jarrett , J. N. 2003 . Seasonal variation in larval condition and postsettlement performance of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides . Ecology , 84 : 384 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffs , A. G. , Montgomery , J. C. and Tindle , C. T. 2005 . How do spiny lobster post-larvae find the coast? . N.Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res , 39 : 605 – 617 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , S. R. and Hawkins , S. J. 2003 . Barnacle larval supply to sheltered rocky shores: a limiting factor? . Hydrobiologia , 503 : 143 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingsford , M. J. , Leis , J. M. , Shanks , A. , Lindeman , K. C. , Morgan , S. G. and Pineda , J. 2002 . Sensory environments, larval abilities and local self-recruitment . Bull. Mar. Sci , 70 : 309 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinne , O. 1964 . Non-genetic adaptation to temperature and salinity . Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters , 9 : 433 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Kinne , O. 1967 . “ Physiology of estuarine organisms with special referance to salinity and temperature: general aspects. ” . In Estuaries Edited by: Lauff , H. H. Vol. 83 , 525 – 540 . Washington, DC : American Association for the Advancement of Science . Publ. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., Vol
   Google Scholar
• Knowlton , R. E. and Vargo , C. K. 2004 . The larval morphology of Palaemon floridanus Chace, 1942 (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) compared with other species of Palaemon Palaemonetes . Crustaceana , 77 : 683 – 715 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko , H. S. , An , H. S. and Sulkin , S. 2004 . Zoeal development of Palapedia integra (Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae) reared in the laboratory . J. Crust. Biol , 24 : 637 – 651 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konishi , K. and Quintana , R. 1987 . Notes on the prezoea stage of decapod crustaceans . Aquabiology , 52 : 372 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Labandeira , C. and Beall , B. S. 1990 . “ Arthropod terrestriality. ” . In Arthropod Palaeobiology Edited by: Mikulic , D. and Culver , S. J. Vol. 3 , 214 – 232 . Knoxville, Tenn, , USA : The Palaeontological Society . Short Courses in Palaeontology, Vol
   Google Scholar
• Lam , S. C. 1969 . Abbreviated development of non-marine crab, Sesarma (Geosesarma) perracae (Brachyura; Grapsidae), from Singapore . J. Zool., Lond , 158 : 357 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawson , J. , Davenport , J. and Whitaker , A. 2004 . Barnacle distribution in Lough Hyne Marine Nature Reserve: a new baseline and an account of invasion by the introduced Australasian species Elminius modestus Darwin . Est. Coast. Shelf Sci , 60 : 729 – 735 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach , W. E. 1897 . Malacostraca Podophthalmata Britanniae; or descriptions of British species of Crabs, Lobsters, Prawns, and of other Malacostracas with pedunculated eyes. Illustrated with colored figures of all species, by James Sowerby, F.L.S. G.S. & W.S. & London, James Sowerby. 14 (1817) pls 16, 25, 44 [for dates of publication see Rathbun ]
   Google Scholar
• Lee , C. E. and Bell , M. A. 1999 . Causes and consequences of recent freshwater invasions by saltwater animals . Trends Ecol. Evol , 14 : 284 – 288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , C. A. 1978 . “ A review of substratum selection in free-living and symbiotic cirripeds. ” . In Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrates Larvae 207 – 218 . North-Holland, New York : Elsevier . Chia, F.S. and Rice, M.E
   Google Scholar
• Linck , B. M. 1995 . “ Einfluß von Temperatur und Salzgehalt auf die Larven der Nordseegarnele ” . In Crangon crangon. M.Sc. Thesis, University Oldenburg, Germany
   Google Scholar
• Little , C. 1990 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press . The Terrestrial Invasion: an Ecophysiological Approach to the Origins of Land Animals
   Google Scholar
• Lohrer , A. M. , Fukui , Y. , Wada , K. and Whitlatch , R. B. 2000 . Structural complexity and vertical zonation of intertidal crabs, with focus on habitat requirements of the invasive Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus (de Haan) . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol , 244 : 203 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovrich , G. A. , Thatje , S. , Calcagno , J. A. , Anger , K. and Kaffenberger , A. 2003 . Changes in biomass and chemical composition during lecithotrophic larval development of the southern king crab, Lithodes santolla (Molina) . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol , 288 : 65 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luppi , T. A. , Spivak , E. D. , Anger , K. and Valero , J. L. 2002 . Patterns and processes of Chasmagnathus granulata Cyrtograpsus angulatus (Brachyura: Grapsidae) recruitment in Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon . Argentina. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci , 55 : 287 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luppi , T. A. , Spivak , E. D. and Bas , C. C. 2003 . The effects of temperature and salinity on larval development of Armases rubripes Rathbun, 1897 (Brachyura, Grapsoidea, Sesarmidae), and the southern limit of its geographical distribution . Est. Coast. Shelf Sci , 58 : 575 – 585 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas , A. and Waloßek , D. 2001 . Larval development of Euphausia superba Dana, 1852 and a phylogenetic analysis of the Euphausiacea . Hydrobiologia , 448 : 143 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Mack , R. N. , Simberloff , D. , Lonsdale , W. M. , Evans , H. , Clout , M. and Bazzaz , F. A. 2000 . Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control . Ecol. Appl , 10 : 689 – 710 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzanilla-Dominguez , H. and Gasca , R. 2004 . Distribution and abundance of phyllosoma larvae (Decapoda, Palinuridae) in the southern Gulf of Mexico and the western Caribbean Sea . Crustaceana , 77 : 75 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Marques , F. and Pohle , G. 1995 . Phylogenetic analysis of the Pinnotheridae (Crustacea, Brachyura) based on larval morphology, with emphasis on the Dissodactylus species complex . Zool. Scripta , 24 : 347 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques , F. and Pohle , G. 1998 . The use of structural reduction in phylogenetic reconstruction of decapods and a phylogenetic hypothesis for 15 genera of Majidae: testing previous larval hyptheses and assumptions . Invert. Reprod. Develop , 33 : 241 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques , F. P.L. and Pohle , G. 2003 . Searching for larval support for majoid families (Crustacea: Brachyura) with parti-cular reference to Inachoididae Dana, 1851 . Invert. Reprod. Develop , 43 : 71 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , J. W. 1988 . “ Phylogenetic significance of the brachyuran megalopa: evidence from the Xanthidae. ” . In Symposia of the Zoological Society of London Edited by: Fincham , A. A. and Rainbow , P. S. Vol. 59 , 69 – 102 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , J. W. and Davis , G. E. 2001 . Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea. Crustacean Classification Project, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA
   Google Scholar
• Mashiko , K. and Numachi , K.-I. 2000 . Derivation of populations with different-sized eggs in the palaemonid prawn Macrobrachium nipponense . J. Crust. Biol , 20 : 118 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEdward , L. R. , ed. 1995 . Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• McEdward , L. R. 2000 . Adaptive evolution of larvae and life cycles . Seminars Cell Devel. Biol , 11 : 403 – 409 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKenney , C. L. 2005 . The influence of insect juvenile hormone agonists on metamorphosis and reproduction in estuarine crustaceans . Integr. Comp. Biol , 45 : 97 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , P. A. and Lemaitre , R. 1997 . Carcinization in the Anomura—fact or fiction? . I. Evidence from adult morphology. Contr. Zool , 67 : 79 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , P. A. , Lemaitre , R. and Tudge , C. C. 2004 . Carcinization in the Anomura—fact or fiction? . II. Evidence from larval, megalopal and early juvenile morphology. Contr. Zool , 73 : 165 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menge , B. A. 2000 . Recruitment vs . postrecruitment processes as determinants of barnacle population abundance. Ecol. Monogr , 70 : 265 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Menshenina , L. L. 1990 . Some correlations of limb development in Euphausia larvae (Euphausiacea) . Crustaceana , 58 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Milne Edwards , H. 1834 . Histoire naturelle des Crustacés, comprenant l'Anatomie, la Physiologie et la Classification de ces Animaux. Libraire Encyclopédique de Roret 1. Paris
   Google Scholar
• Moksnes , P. O. 2004 . Interference competition for space in nursery habitats: density-dependent effects on growth and dispersal in juvenile shore crabs Carcinus maenas . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 281 : 181 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moksnes , P.-O. , Hedvall , O. and Reinwald , T. 2003 . Settlement behavior in shore crabs Carcinus maenas: why do postlarvae emigrate from nursery habitats? . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 250 : 215 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney , H. A. and Hobbs , R. J. 2000 . Invasive species in a changing world. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , S. G. 1995 . “ Life and death in the plankton: larval mortality and adaptation. ” . In Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae Edited by: McEdward , L. R. 279 – 321 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mu , X. and Leblanc , G. A. 2004 . Cross communication between signaling pathways: Juvenoid hormones modulate ecdysteroid activity in a crustacean . J. exp. Zool. , 301A : 793 – 801 .
   Google Scholar
• Müller , F. 1864 . Für Darwin. Engelmann, Leipzig
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , N. P. and Austin , C. M. 2005 . Phylogenetic relationships of the globally distributed freshwater prawn genus Macrobrachium (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae): biogeography, taxonomy and the convergent evolution of abbreviated larval development . Zoologica Scripta , 34 : 187 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagaraj , M. 1993 . Combined effects of temperature and salinity on the zoeal development of the green crab, Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda: Portunidae) . Sci. Mar , 57 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Ng , P. K.L. and Clark , P. F. 2000a . The eumedonid file: a case study of systematic compatibility using larval and adult characters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachura) . Invert. Reprod. Develop , 38 : 225 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng , P. K.L. and Clark , P. F. 2000b . The Indo-Pacific Pilumnidae XII. On the familial placement of Chlorodiella bidentata (Nobili, 1901) and Tanaocheles stenochilus Kropp, 1984 using adult and larval characters with the establishment of a new subfamily, Tanaochelinae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) . J. nat. Hist , 34 : 207 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng , T. Y.T. and Keough , M. J. 2003 . Delayed effects of larval exposure to Cu in the bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 257 : 77 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijhout , F. H. 1999 . “ Hormonal control in larval development—insects. ” . In The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms Edited by: Hall , B. K. and Wake , M. H. 217 – 254 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nogata , Y. , Yoshimura , E. , Shinshima , K. , Kitano , Y. and Sakaguchi , I. 2003 . Antifouling substances against larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite from the marine sponge, Acanthella cavernosa . Biofouling , 19 : 193 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylund , G. M. and Pavia , H. 2003 . Inhibitory effects of red algal extracts on larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus improvisus . Mar. Biol , 143 : 875 – 882 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglianti , A. and Gherardi , F. 2004 . Combined effects of temperature and diet on growth and survival of young-of-year crayfish: a comparison between indigenous and invasive species . J. Crust. Biol , 24 : 140 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbi , S. R. 1994 . Genetic divergence, reproductive isolation, and marine speciation . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst , 25 : 547 – 572 .
   Google Scholar
• Park , S. , Epifanio , C. E. and Iglay , R. B. 2005 . Patterns of larval release by the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (de Haan): periodicity at diel and tidal frequencies . J. Shellfish Res , 24 : 591 – 595 .
   Google Scholar
• Pechenik , J. A. 1990 . Delayed metamorphosis by larvae of benthic marine invertebrates: Does it occur? . Is there a price to pay? Ophelia , 32 : 63 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechenik , J. A. 1999 . On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 177 : 269 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechenik , J. A. , Wendt , D. E. and Jarrett , J. N. 1998 . Metamorphosis is not a new beginning . BioScience , 48 : 901 – 910 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , O. P. , Aschan , M. , Rasmussen , T. , Tande , K. S. and Slagstad , D. 2003 . Larval dispersal and mother populations of Pandalus borealis investigated by a Lagrangian particletracking model . Fish. Res , 65 : 173 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Perez Farfante , I. and Kensley , B. 1997 . Penaeoid and Sergestoid Shrimps and Prawns of the World . Keys and Diagnoses for the Families and Genera. Mém. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. Paris , 175 : 1 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , N. E. 2004 . Variable timing of larval food has consequences for early juvenile performance in a marine mussel . Ecology , 85 : 2341 – 2346 .
   Google Scholar
• Piersma , T. and Drent , J. 2003 . Phenotypic flexibility and the evolution of organismal design . Trends Ecol. Evol , 18 : 228 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pigliucci , M. 2005 . Evolution of phenotypic plasticity: where are we going now? . Trends Ecol. Evol , 20 : 481 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohle , G. and Marques , F. 1998 . Phylogeny of the Pinnotheridae: larval and adult evidence, with emphasis on the evolution of gills . Invert. Reprod. Develop , 33 : 229 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohle , G. and Marques , F. 2000 . Larval stages of Paradasygyius depressus (Bell, 1835) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Majidae) and a phylogenetic analysis for 21 genera of Majidae . Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash , 113 : 739 – 760 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pörtner , H. O. 2002 . Climate variations and the physiological basis of temperature dependent biogeography: systemic to molecular hierarchy of thermal tolerance in animals . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 132A : 739 – 761 .
   Google Scholar
• Queiroga , H. and Blanton , J. 2005 . Interactions between behaviour and physical forcing in the control of horizontal transport of decapod crustacean larvae . Adv. mar. Biol , 47 : 107 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabalais , N. N. and Gore , R. H. 1985 . “ Abbreviated development in Decapods. ” . In Larval Growth Edited by: Wenner , A. M. Vol. 2 , 67 – 126 . Rotterdam : Balkema . Crustacean Issues, Vol
   Google Scholar
• Rathbun , M. J. 1897 . A revision of the nomenclature of the Brachyura . Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash , 11 : 153 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Rice , A. L. 1979 . Plea for improved standards in descriptions of crab zoeae . Crustaceana , 37 : 214 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , A. L. 1980 . Crab zoeal morphology and its bearing on the classification of the Brachyura . Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond , 35 : 271 – 424 .
   Google Scholar
• Rice , A. L. 1981 . Crab zoeae and brachyuran classification: a reappraisal . Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Zool.) , 40 : 287 – 296 .
   Google Scholar
• Rice , A. L. 1983 . “ Zoeal evidence for brachyuran phylogeny. ” . In Crustacean phylogeny Edited by: Schram , F. R. Vol. 1 , 313 – 329 . Rotterdam : Balkema . Crustacean Issues, Vol
   Google Scholar
• Rice , A. L. 1988 . “ The megalopa stage in majid crabs, with a review of spider crab relationships based on laval characters. ” . In Aspects of Decapod Crustacean Biology Edited by: Fincham , A. A. and Rainbow , P. S. Vol. 59 , 27 – 46 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond., Vol
   Google Scholar
• Rice , A. L. 1993 . “ Two centuries of larval crab papers: a preliminary analysis. ” . In History of Carcinology Edited by: Truesdale , F. Vol. 8 , 285 – 292 . Rotterdam : Balkema . Crustacean Issues, Vol
   Google Scholar
• Rittschof , D. , Forward , R. B. , Cannon , G. , Welch , J. M. , McClary , M. , Holm , E. R. , Clare , A. S. , Conova , S. , McKelvey , L. M. , Bryan , P. , van-Dover , C. L. , Clare , A. S. , Fusetani , N. and Jones , M. B. 1998 . Cues and context: larval responses to physical and chemical cues . Biofouling , 12 : 31 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , R. and Costlow , J. D. 1979 . Delayed response to irreversible non-genetic adaptation to salinity in early development of the brachyuran crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and some notes on adaptation to temperature . Ophelia , 18 : 97 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , P. M. 2001 . Larval supply, settlement and survival of barnacles in a temperate mangrove forest . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 215 : 237 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth , B. M. and Kitchell , J. F. 2005 . The role of size-selective predation in the displacement of Orconectes crayfishes following rusty crayfish invasion . Crustaceana , 78 : 297 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotllant , G. , Anger , K. , Durfort , M. and Sardà , F. 2004 . Elemental and biochemical composition of Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus 1758) larvae from the Mediterranean and Irish Seas . Helgoland. Mar. Res , 58 : 206 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Roughgarden , J. 1972 . Evolution of the niche width . Am. Natur , 106 : 683 – 718 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roughgarden , J. 1989 . “ The evolution of marine life cycles. ” . In Mathematical Evolutionary Theory Vol. 12 , 270 – 300 . Feldman, M.W. Procenton Univ. Press
   Google Scholar
• Rudnick , D. , Veldhuizen , T. , Tullis , R. , Culver , C. , Hieb , K. and Tsukimura , B. 2005 . A life history model for the San Francisco Estuary population of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis (Decapoda: Grapsoidea) . Biol. Invasions , 7 : 333 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz , G. M. , Fofonoff , P. W. , Carlton , J. T. , Wonham , M. J. and Hines , A. H. 2000 . Invasion of coastal marine communities in North America: apparent patterns, processes, and biases . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst , 31 : 481 – 531 .
   Google Scholar
• Rumrill , S. S. 1990 . Natural mortality of marine invertebrate larvae . Ophelia , 32 : 163 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumsey , S. M. and Franks , P. J.S. 1999 . Influence of variability in larval development on recruitment success in the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica: elasticity and sensitivity analyses . Mar. Biol , 133 : 283 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundle , H. D. and Nosil , P. 2005 . Ecological speciation . Ecol. Letters , 8 : 336 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saigusa , M. , Okochi , T. and Ikei , S. 2003 . Nocturnal occurrence, and synchrony with tidal and lunar cycles, in the invertebrate assemblage of a subtropical estuary . Acta Oecol , 24 : S191 – S204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santana , W. , Pohle , G. and Marques , F. 2004 . Larval development of Apiomithrax violaceus (A . Milne Edwards, 1868) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majoidea: Pisidae) reared in laboratory conditions, and a review of larval characters of Pisidae. J nat. Hist , 38 : 1773 – 1797 .
   Google Scholar
• Scheltema , R. S. 1986 . On dispersal and planktonic larvae of benthic invertebrtaes: an eclectic overview and summary of problems . Bull. mar. Sci , 39 : 290 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholtz , G. 2000 . Evolution of the nauplius stage in malacostracan crustaceans . J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res , 38 : 175 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholtz , G. , ed. 2003 . Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Crustacea. Crustacean Issues 15 Leiden, , The Netherlands : A.A. Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Scholtz , G. and Richter , S. 1995 . Phylogenetic systematics of the reptantian Decapoda (Crustacea, Malacostraca) . Zool. J. Linn. Soc , 113 : 289 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubart , C. D. and Diesel , R. 1999 . Osmoregulation and the transition from marine to freshwater and terrestrial life: a comparative study of Jamaican crabs of the genus Sesarma . Arch. Hydrobiol , 145 : 331 – 347 .
   Google Scholar
• Schubart , C. D. and Koller , P. 2005 . Genetic diversity of freshwater crabs (Brachyura: Sesarmidae) from central Jamaica with description of a new species . J. nat. Hist , 39 : 469 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubart , C. D. , Diesel , R. and Hedges , S. B. 1998 . Rapid evolution to terrestrial life in Jamaican crabs . Nature , 393 : 363 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanks , A. L. , Largier , J. and Brubaker , J. 2003 . Observations on the distribution of meroplankton during an upwelling event . J. Plankton Res , 25 : 645 – 667 .
   Google Scholar
• Silas , E. G. and Mathew , K. J. 1977 . “ A critique to the study of larval development in Euphausiacea. ” . In Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zooplankton Dona Paula, Goa, , India : Natl. Inst. Oceanography .
   Google Scholar
• Spicer , J. I. and Burggren , W. W. 2003 . Development of physiological regulatory systems: altering the timing of crucial events . Zoology , 106 : 91 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spindler , K.-D. and Anger , K. 1986 . Ecdysteroid levels during the larval development of the spider crab Hyas araneus . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , 64 : 122 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , B. G. and Swiney , K. M. 2005 . Post-settlement effects of habitat type and predator size on cannibalism of glaucothoe and juveniles of red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol , 321 : 1 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strasser , K. M. and Felder , D. L. 2001 . Effects of salinity on development in the ghost shrimp Callichirus islagrande and two populations of C major (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea). . Gulf Caribb. Res. , 13 : 9 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Strasser , M. and Günther , C.-P. 2001 . Larval supply of predator and prey: temporal mismatch between crabs and bivalves after a severe winter in the Wadden Sea . J. Sea Res , 46 : 57 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathmann , R. R. 1982 . “ Selection for retention or export of larvae in estuaries. ” . In Estuarine Comparisons Edited by: Kennedy , V. S. 521 – 535 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Strathmann , R. R. 1993a . Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst , 24 : 89 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Strathmann , R. R. 1993b . Review of “Larvae and Evolution . Toward a New Zoology”. Q. Rev. Biol , 68 : 280 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• Strathmann , R. R. , Hughes , T. P. , Kuris , A. M. , Lindeman , K. C. , Morgan , S. G. , Pandolfi , J. M. and Warner , R. R. 2002 . Evolution of local recruitment and its consequences for marine populations . Bull. mar. Sci , 70 : 377 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson , C. J. , Jenkins , S. R. , Hawkins , S. J. , Myers , A. A. , Range , P. , Paula , J. , O'Riordan , R. M. and Aberg , P. 2004 . Models of open populations with space-limited recruitment in stochastic environments: relative importance of recruitment and survival in populations of Semibalanus balanoides . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 275 : 185 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Swearer , S. E. , Shima , J. S. , Hellberg , M. E. , Thorrold , S. R. , Jones , G. P. , Robertson , D. R. , Morgan , S. G. , Selkoe , K. A. , Ruiz , G. M. and Warnerages , R. R. 2002 . Evidence of self-recruitment in demersal marine populations . Bull. mar. Sci , 70 : 251 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tankersley , R. A. , Bullock , T. M. , Forward , R. B. and Rittschof , D. 2002a . Larval release behaviors in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus: role of chemical cues . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol , 273 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Tankersley , R. A. , Welch , J. M. and Forward , R. B. 2002b . Settlement times of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) megalopae during flood-tide transport . Mar. Biol , 141 : 863 – 875 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatje , S. 2005 . The future fate of the Antarctic marine biota? . Trends Ecol. Evol , 20 : 418 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatje , S. , Anger , K. , Calcagno , J. A. , Lovrich , G. A. , Pörtner , H. O. and Arntz , W. E. 2005 . Challenging the cold: crabs reconquer the Antarctic . Ecology , 86 : 619 – 625 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiyagarajan , V. , Hung , O. S. , Chiu , J. M.Y. , Wu , R. S.S. and Qian , P. Y. 2005 . Growth and survival of juvenile barnacle Balanus amphitrite: interactive effects of cyprid energy reserve and habitat . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 299 : 229 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , J. V. 1828 . “ On the metamorphoses of the Crustacea, and on the zoea, exposing their singular structure, and demonstrating that they are not, as has been supposed, a peculiar genus, but the larva of Crustacea. ” . In Zoological Researches; or Natural History of nondiscript or imperfectly known animals , in a series of memoirs. Memoir I 1 – 11 . 1, Cork, Ireland
   Google Scholar
• Thorson , G. 1946 . Reproduction and larval development of Danish ma2ine bottom invertebrates . Meddr. Kommn. Havunders (Plankton) , 4 : 1 – 523 .
   Google Scholar
• Thorson , G. 1950 . Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates . Biol. Rev , 25 : 1 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorson , G. 1961 . Length of pelagic larval life in marine bottom invertebrates as related to larval transport by ocean currents . Publs. Am. Ass. Advmt. Sci , 67 : 455 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Thresher , R. , Proctor , C. , Ruiz , G. , Gurney , R. , MacKinnon , C. , Walton , W. , Rodriguez , L. and Bax , N. 2003 . Invasion dynamics of the European shore crab, Carcinus maenas in Australia . Mar. Biol , 142 : 867 – 876 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilburg , C. E. , Reager , J. T. and Whitney , M. M. 2005 . The physics of blue crab larval recruitment in Delaware bay: a model study . J. mar. Res , 63 : 471 – 495 .
   Google Scholar
• Tuberty , S. R. and McKenney , C. L. 2005 . Ecdysteroid responses of estuarine crustaceans exposed through complete larval development to juvenile hormone agonist insecticides . Integr. Comp. Biol , 45 : 106 – 117 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waloßek , D. 1993 . The Upper Cambrian Rehbachiella and significance the phylogeny of Branchiopoda and Crustacea . Fossils Strata , 32 : 1 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Waloßek , D. , Høeg , J. T. and Shirley , T. C. 1996 . Larval development of the rhizocephalan cirripede Briarosaccus tenellus (Maxillopoda: Thecostraca) reared in the laboratory: a scanning electron microscopy study . Hydrobiologia , 328 : 9 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waloßek , D. and Müller , K. J. 1990 . Upper Cambrian stem-lineage crustaceans and their bearing upon the monophyletic origin of Crustacea and the position of Agnostus . Lethaia , 23 : 407 – 427 .
   Google Scholar
• Waloßek , D. and Müller , K. J. 1997 . “ Cambrian ‘Orsten’-type arthropods and the phylogeny of Crustacea. ” . In Arthropod Relationships Edited by: Fortey , R. A. and Thomas , R. H. 139 – 153 . London : Chapman Hall . Systematics Association, Special Vol. Ser., 55
   Google Scholar
• Waloßek , D. and Müller , K. J. 1998 . “ Early arthropod phylogeny in light of the Cambrian “Orsten” fossils. ” . In Arthropod Fossils and Phylogeny Edited by: Edgecombe , G. D. 185 – 231 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Waloßek , D. and Maas , A. 2005 . The evolutionary history of crustacean segmentation: a fossil-based perspective . Evol. Devel , 7 : 515 – 527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , D. I. , O'Riordan , R. M. , Barnes , D. K.A. and Cross , T. 2005 . Temporal and spatial variability in the recruitment of barnacles and the local dominance of Elminius modestus Darwin in SW Ireland . Est. Coast. Shelf Sci , 63 : 119 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Webster , S. G. and Dircksen , H. 1991 . Putative molt-inhibiting hormone in larvae of the shore crab Carcinus maenas L.: an immunocytochemical approach . Biol. Bull , 180 : 65 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson , D. I. 1982 . “ Larval morphology and diversity. ” . In Embryology Edited by: Abele , L. G. Vol. 2 , 43 – 110 . New York : Academic Press . Morphology and Genetics, The Biology of Crustacea, Vol
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , D. I. 1992 . Larvae and Evolution—Toward a New Zoology. Chapman Hall, New York
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , D. I. 1998 . “ Larval transfer in evolution. ” . In Horizontal Gene Transfer Edited by: Syvanen , M. and Kado , C. I. 436 – 453 . London : Chapman Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , D. I. 2001 . Larval transfer and the origins of larvae . Zool. J. Lin. Soc , 131 : 111 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , D. I. and Rice , A. L. 1996 . Larval evolution in the Crustacea . Crustaceana , 69 : 267 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , C. M. 1987 . Novelty of supply side ecology . Science , 235 : 415 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaklan , S. D. 2002 . “ Review of the family Lithodidae (Crustacea: Anomura: Paguroidea): distribution, biology, and fisheries. ” . In Crabs in Cold Water Regions: Biology Edited by: Paul , A. J. , Dawe , E. G. , Elner , R. , Jamieson , G. S. , Kruse , G. H. , Otto , R. S. , Sainte-Marie , B. , Shirley , T. C. and Woodby , D. 751 – 845 . Fairbanks, AK, , USA : University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program AKSG—02-01 . Management, and Economics
   Google Scholar
• Zeleny , C. 1905 . Compensatory regulation . J. exp. Zool , 2 : 1 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Zeng , C. S. , Li , S. J. and Zeng , H. 2004 . Occurrence of additional zoea-VI larvae in the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain (Estampador), reared in the laboratory . Hydrobiologia , 529 : 49 – 58 .
   Google Scholar