Should we calculate arterial stiffness gradient in middle-aged women with increased cardiovascular risk?

References

• Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131:e29–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CVD Statistics [Internet]. [cited 2017 Oct 23]. Available from: http://www.ehnheart.org/images/CVD-statistics-report-August-2017.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Townsend RR, Wilkinson IB, Schiffrin EL, et al. Recommendations for improving and standardizing vascular research on arterial stiffness: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2015;66:698–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer S, van der Meer P, Massie BM, et al. Sex-specific acute heart failure phenotypes and outcomes from PROTECT. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15:1374–1381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gori M, Lam CSP, Gupta DK, et al. Sex-specific cardiovascular structure and function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:535–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels LB, Maisel AS. Cardiovascular biomarkers and sex: the case for women. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015;12:588–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones DM, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Patel AS, et al. Ethnic variation in hypertension among premenopausal and perimenopausal women: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979. 2005;46:689–695.
   Google Scholar
• Scuteri A, Orru' M, Morrell CH, et al. Associations of large artery structure and function with adiposity: effects of age, gender, and hypertension. The SardiNIA Study. Atherosclerosis. 2012;221:189–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutinho T. Arterial stiffness and its clinical implications in women. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30:756–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avolio AP, Chen SG, Wang RP, et al. Effects of aging on changing arterial compliance and left ventricular load in a northern Chinese urban community. Circulation. 1983;68:50–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortolotto LA, Hanon O, Franconi G, et al. The aging process modifies the distensibility of elastic but not muscular arteries. Hypertension. 1999;34:889–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron JD, Bulpitt CJ, Pinto ES, et al. The aging of elastic and muscular arteries: a comparison of diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2133–2138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson PM. Early vascular aging (EVA): consequences and prevention. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4:547–552.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laucyte-Cibulskiene A, Petraviciute M, Gudynaite M, et al. Mismatch between stiffness in elastic and muscular arteries as a predictor of vascular calcification in dialysis patients. Aging Clin Exp Res 2018;30:375–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijden-Spek JJ, van der Staessen JA, Fagard RH, et al. Effect of age on brachial artery wall properties differs from the aorta and is gender dependent: a population study. Hypertension. 2000;35:637–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortier C, Sidibé A, Desjardins M-P, et al. Aortic-brachial pulse wave velocity ratio: a blood pressure-independent index of vascular aging. Hypertens Dallas Tex. 2017;69:96–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortier C, Mac-Way F, Desmeules S, et al. Aortic-brachial stiffness mismatch and mortality in dialysis population. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979. 2015;65:378–384.
   Google Scholar
• Niiranen TJ, Kalesan B, Larson MG, et al. Aortic-brachial arterial stiffness gradient and cardiovascular risk in the community: The Framingham Heart Study. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979. 2017;69:1022–1028.
   Google Scholar
• London GM, Safar ME, Pannier B. Aortic aging in ESRD: structural, hemodynamic, and mortality implications. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27:1837–1846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covic A, Siriopol D. Pulse wave velocity ratio: the new “gold standard” for measuring arterial stiffness. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979. 2015;65:289–290.
   Google Scholar
• Cardoso CRL, Salles GF. Aortic stiffness as a surrogate endpoint to micro- and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:2044. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5187844/.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai B, Teliewubai J, Lu Y, et al. Comparison of pulse wave velocity and pulse pressure amplification in association with target organ damage in community-dwelling elderly: The Northern Shanghai Study. Hypertens Res. 2018;41:372–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benetos A, Gautier S, Labat C, et al. Mortality and cardiovascular events are best predicted by low central/peripheral pulse pressure amplification but not by high blood pressure levels in elderly nursing home subjects: the PARTAGE (Predictive Values of Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Institutionalized Very Aged Population) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1503–1511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillege HL, Janssen WM, Bak AA, et al. Microalbuminuria is common, also in a nondiabetic, nonhypertensive population, and an independent indicator of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity. J Intern Med. 2001;249:519–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohara K, Tabara Y, Tachibana R, et al. Microalbuminuria and arterial stiffness in a general population: the Shimanami Health Promoting Program (J-SHIPP) study. Hypertens Res. 2004;27:471–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottsäter M, Östling G, Persson M, et al. Non-hemodynamic predictors of arterial stiffness after 17 years of follow-up: the Malmö Diet and Cancer study. J Hypertens. 2015;33:957–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedaghat S, Mattace-Raso FUS, Hoorn EJ, et al. Arterial stiffness and decline in kidney function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:2190–2197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CV Physiology | Mean Arterial Pressure [Internet]. [cited 2017 Aug 24]. Available from: http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP006
   Google Scholar
• Barnes JN, Hart EC, Curry TB, et al. Aging enhances autonomic support of blood pressure in women. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979. 2014;63:303–308.
   Google Scholar
• Scuteri A, Morrell CH, Orrù M, et al. Longitudinal perspective on the conundrum of central arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and aging. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979. 2014;64:1219–1227.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer C, Milat F, McGrath BP, et al. Vascular dysfunction and autonomic neuropathy in Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 2004;21:746–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J-M, Kim T-H, Lee H-H, et al. Postmenopausal hypertension and sodium sensitivity. J Menopausal Med. 2014;20:1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stachenfeld NS. Hormonal changes during menopause and the impact on fluid regulation. Reprod Sci. 2014;21:555–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA. Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2013;CD004937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablonski KL, Fedorova OV, Racine ML, et al. Dietary sodium restriction and association with urinary marinobufagenin, blood pressure, and aortic stiffness. CJASN. 2013;8:1952–1959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scuteri A, Cunha PG, Rosei EA, et al. Arterial stiffness and influences of the metabolic syndrome: a cross-countries study. Atherosclerosis. 2014;233:654–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar