On-treatment HDL cholesterol predicts incident atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy

References

• Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults. National implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA. 2001;285(18):2370–2375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip EP, et al. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;110(9):1042–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtell K, Lehto M, Gerdts E, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke compared to atenolol. the Losartan Intervention for End point reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(5):712–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the framingham heart study. Circulation. 1998;98(10):946–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, et al. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am J Med. 1995;98(5):476–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Bang CN, Wachtell K, et al. Relationship of sudden cardiac death to new-onset atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6(2):243–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini C, De Santis F, Sacco S, et al. Contribution of atrial fibrillation to incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke: results from a population-based study. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1115–1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Reboldi R, Bentivoglio M, et al. Atrial fibrillation in hypertension: predictors and outcome. Hypertension. 2003;41(2):218–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Hille D, Larstorp ACK, et al. Effect of lower on-treatment systolic blood pressure on the risk of atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients . Hypertension. 2015;66(2):368–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade J, Khairy P, Dobrev D, et al. The clinical profile and pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: relationships among clinical features, epidemiology, and mechanisms. Circ Res. 2014;114(9):1453–1468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hylek EM, Chang YC, Skates SJ, et al. Prospective study of the outcomes of ambulatory patients with excessive warfarin anti-coagulation. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(11):1612–1617.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Annoura M, Ogawa M, Kumagai K, et al. Cholesterol paradox in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Cardiology. 1999;92(1):21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haywood LJ, Ford CE, Crow RS, et al. Atrial fibrillation at baseline and during follow-up in ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(22):2023–2031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkas F, Elisaf M, Korantzopoulos P, et al. The CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores predict atrial fibrillation in dyslipidemic individuals: role of incorporating low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Int J Cardiol. 2017;241:194–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso A, Yin X, Roetker NS, et al. Blood lipids and the incidence of atrial fibrillation: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e001211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Gao L, Wang Z, et al. Lipid profile and incidence of atrial fibrillation: a prospective cohort study in China. Clin Cardiol. 2018;41(3):314–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez FL, Agarwal SK, MacLehose RF, et al. Blood lipid levels, lipid-lowering medications, and the incidence of atrial fibrillation: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5(1):155–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan V, Honarbakhsh S, Casas JP, et al. Are cardiovascular risk factors also associated with the incidence of atrial fibrillation? A systematic review and field synopsis of 23 factors in 32 population-based cohorts of 20 million participants. Thromb Haemost. 2017;117(05):837–850.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mora S, Akinkuolie AO, Sandhu RK, et al. Paradoxical association of lipoprotein measures with incident atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7(4):612–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnussen C, Niiranen TJ, Ojeda FM, et al. Sex differences and similarities in atrial fibrillation epidemiology, risk factors, and mortality in community cohorts: results from the BiomarCaRE Consortium (Biomarker for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Europe). Circulation. 2017;136(17):1588–1597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara A, Barrett-Connor E, Shan J. Total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol decrease with age in older men and women: the Rancho Bernardo Study 1984-1994. Circulation. 1997;96(1):37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Wachtell K, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in relation to changing heart rate over time in hypertensive patients: the LIFE Study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2008;1(5):337–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Wachtell K, Devereux RB, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension. JAMA. 2006;296(10):1242–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):995–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, et al. Electrocardiographic identification of increased left ventricular mass by simple voltage-duration products. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25(2):417–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolow M, Lyon TP. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am Heart J. 1949;37(2):161–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Beevers G, et al. Effects of losartan compared with atenolol on lipids in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study. J Hypertens. 2009;27:567–574.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snappin SM, Jiamg Q, Iglewicz B. Illustrating the impact of a time-varying covariate with an extended Kaplan-Meier estimate. Am Statistician. 2005;59:301–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Wachtell K, Hille DA, et al. Racial differences in incident atrial fibrillation among hypertensive patients during antihypertensive therapy. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27(7):966–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimi K, Emberson J, McGale P, et al. Effect of statins on atrial fibrillation: collaborative meta-analysis of published and unpublished evidence from randomised controlled trials. Br Med J. 2011;342(2):d1250–d1250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peña JM, MacFadyen J, Glynn RJ, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, statin therapy, and risks of atrial fibrillation: an exploratory analysis of the JUPITER trial. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(4):531–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barter PJ, Nicholls S, Rye KA, et al. Antiinflammatory properties of HDL. Circ Res. 2004;95(8):764–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SM, Kim JM, Shin DG, et al. Relation of atrial fibrillation (AF) and change of lipoproteins: male patients with AF exhibited severe pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic properties in lipoproteins. Clin Biochem. 2014;47(10-11):869–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2003;108(24):3006–3010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2001;104(24):2886–2891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asselbergs FW, Moore JH, van den Berg MP, et al. A role for CETP TaqIB polymorphism in determining susceptibility to atrial fibrillation: a nested case control study. BMC Med Genet. 2006;7(1):39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He F, Xu X, Yuan S, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) cholesterol induces the expression of miRNA-223 and L-type calcium channel protein in atrial fibrillation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Hille DA, Wiik BP, et al. In-treatment HDL cholesterol levels and development of new diabetes mellitus in hypertensive patients: the LIFE Study. Diabet Med. 2013;30(10):1189–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conen D, Adam M, Roche F, et al. Premature atrial contractions in the general population: frequency and risk factors. Circulation. 2012;126(19):2302–2308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar