A Local Counter-Narrative on the Conservation of Mountain Gorillas

References

• Adams , W. M. 2004 . Against Extinction: The Story of Conservation , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Adams , W. and Hulme , D. 2001 . Conservation and Community: Changing Narratives, Policies and Practices in African Conservation , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Adams , W. M. and Infield , M. 2003 . Who is on the Gorilla's payroll: Claims on tourist revenue from a Ugandan National Park . World Development , 31 ( 1 ) : 177 – 1990 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adger , N. W. , Benjaminsen , T. A. , Brown , K. and Svarstad , H. 2001 . Advancing a political ecology of global environmental discourses . Development and Change , 32 : 681 – 715 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atuhaire, H., 2009, ‘Involvement and participation. Practices and perceptions in collaborative resource management: The case of Bwindi National Park, Uganda’, University of Oslo, Centre for Development and the Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, J., 2005, ‘Mountain gorillas: Crop raiding and conflict at BINP, Uganda’, Canterbury: Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen , T. A. and Svarstad , H. 2010a . The death of an elephant: Conservation discourses versus practices in Africa . Forum for Development Studies , 37 ( 3 ) : 385 – 408 .
   Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen , T. A. and Svarstad , H. 2010b . Political Ecology: Environment, People and Power , Oslo : Universitetsforlaget. (In Norwegian) .
   Google Scholar
• Bensted-Smith , R. , Infield , M. , Otekat , J. and Thomson-Handler , N. 1995 . “ Review of the multiple use (resource sharing) programme on Bwindi Impenetrable National Park ” . Kampala : CARE International, unpublished manuscript .
   Google Scholar
• Blomley , T. and Namara , A. 2003 . Devolving rights or shedding responsibilities? Community Conservation in Uganda over the last decade . Policy Matters , 12 : 283 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Blomley , T. , Namara , A. , McNeilage , A. , Franks , P. , Rainer , H. , Donaldson , A. , Malpas , R. and Olupot , W. 2010 . “ Development and gorillas? Assessing fifteen years of integrated conservation and development in south-western Uganda ” . In Natural Resource Issues No. 23 , London : IIED .
   Google Scholar
• Boitani , L. , Ciucci , P. and Raganella-Pelliccioni , E. 2010 . Ex-post compensation payments for wolf predation on livestock in Italy: A tool for conservation? . Wildlife Research , 37 ( 8 ) : 722 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockington , D. and Schmidt-Soltau , K. 2004 . The social and environmental impacts of wilderness and development . Oryx , 38 ( 02 ) : 140 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Carswell , G. 2003 . Continuities in environmental narratives: The case of Kabale, Uganda, 1930–2000 . Environment and History , 9 ( 1 ) : 3 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Chapin , M. 2004 . A challenge to conservationists . World Watch , November/December, pp. 17–31
   Google Scholar
• Conservation International, 2004, ‘Eastern lowland gorilla population plummets 70 percent since 1994’, press release.
   Google Scholar
• Derrida , J. 1998 . Of Grammatology , Baltimore : Baltimore and Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Docherty, M.T., 1993, ‘Survey of attitudes towards natural resource conservation and development, and tourism in southwest Uganda’, Duke University.
   Google Scholar
• Dryzek , J. 1997 . The Politics of the Earth: Environment Discourses , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dzingirai , V. 2003 . The new scramble for the African countryside . Development and Change , 34 ( 2 ) : 243 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , B. J. 2005 . Using Narrative in Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches , Los Angeles, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , F. and Bahiigwa , G. 2003 . Livelihoods and rural poverty reduction in Uganda . World Development , 31 : 997 – 1013 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairclough , N. 1995 . Media Discourse , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Fairhead, J. and M. Leach, 1995, ‘False forest history, complicit social analysis: Rethinking some West African environmental narratives’, World Development, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 1023–1035.
   Google Scholar
• Farlex . 2009 . The Free Dictionary , http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ambivalence
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith , M. 2005 . Impacts of habituation for ecotourism on the gorillas of Nkuringo . Gorilla Journal , 30 : 11 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Guest , G. , Bunce , A. and Johnson , L. 2006 . How many interviews are enough? . Field Methods , 18 ( 1 ) : 59
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , A. C. 1976 . “ The significance of patterns of distribution shown by forest plants and animals in tropical Africa for the reconstruction of the Upper Pleistocene palaeoenvironments: a review ” . In Palaeoecology of Africa, the Surrounding Islands, and Antarctica , Edited by: van Zinderen-Bakker , E.M. Sr . 63 – 97 . Cape Town : Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , A. , Cunningham , A. , Byarugaba , D. and Kayanja , F. 2000 . Conservation in a region of political instability: Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda . Conservation Biology , 14 ( 6 ) : 1722 – 1725 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield, R., 2005, ‘The economic value of Bwindi and Virunga Gorilla Mountain Forests’, African Wildlife Foundation (AWF).
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield, R. and D. Malleret-King, 2003, ‘The economic value of the Virunga and Bwindi protected forests’, Nairobi: International Gorilla Conservation Programme, unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Hoare , R. 1995 . Options for the control of elephants in conflict with people . Pachyderm , 19 : 54 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoben , A. 1995 . Paradigms and politics: The cultural construction of environmental policy in Ethiopia . World Development , 23 ( 6 ) : 1007 – 1021 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , P. C. 1991 . Nature Conservation in Uganda's Tropical Forest Reserves , Gland : IUCN .
   Google Scholar
• Hulme , D. and Murphree , M. W. 2001 . African Wildlife and Livelihoods. The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation , Edited by: Hulme , D. and Murphree , M. W. Oxford : Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Igoe , J. and Croucher , B. 2007 . Conservation, commerce, and communities: The story of community-based wildlife management areas in Tanzania's northern tourist circuit . Conservation and Society , 5 ( 4 ) : 534 – 561 .
   Google Scholar
• International Gorilla Conservation Programme, 2010, ‘Census confirms increase in population of the critically endangered Virunga mountain gorillas’, http://www.igcp.org/2010-mountain-gorilla-census
   Google Scholar
• IUCN, 2010, ‘IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2010.3’, International Union for Conservation of Nature, http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/39994/0
   Google Scholar
• Johansson , A. 2005 . Narrative Theory and Method: With the Life Story in Focus , Sweden : Student Literature. (In Swedish) .
   Google Scholar
• Jørgensen , M. W. and Phillips , L. 1999 . Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method , Frederiksberg : Roskilde Universitetsforlag/Samfundslitteratur. (In Danish) .
   Google Scholar
• Kabananukye , K. and Wily , L. 1996 . “ Report on a study of the abayanda pygmies of South Western Uganda for Mgahinga Bwindi Impenetrable Forest Conservation Trust ” . Kampala : CARE Uganda .
   Google Scholar
• Kaczensky , P. 1999 . Large carnivore depredation on livestock in Europe . Ursus , 11 : 59 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Kepe , T. , Saruchera , M. and Whande , W. 2004 . Poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation: A South African perspective . Oryx , 38 ( 2 ) : 143 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd, C., 2008, ‘Development discourse and the Batwa of South West Uganda’, PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Applied Social Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Kidd, C. and P. Giampaoli, 2006, ‘Consultation with Batwa communities on their land rights under the Ugandan State: A joint consultation for the United Organisation for Batwa Development in Uganda (UOBDU) and the Uganda Land Alliance’, http://archive.forestpeoples.org/documents/africa/uganda_comm_consult_mar06_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kiiza , B. , Abele , S. and Kalyebara , R. 2004 . Market opportunities for Ugandan banana products: National, regional and global perspectives . Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences , 9 ( 1 ) : 743 – 749 .
   Google Scholar
• Lanjouw , A. , Kayitare , A. , Rainer , H. , Rutagarama , E. , Sivha , M. , Asuma , S. and Kalpers , J. 2001 . “ Beyond boundaries: Transboundary natural resource management for mountain gorillas in the Virunga–Bwindi region ” . Washington, DC : Biodiversity Support Program .
   Google Scholar
• Lanyero , F. 2011 . UWA lowers gorilla tracking fees . Daily Monitor , http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1164758/-/c1i12wz/-/index.html, Accessed 19. Sept. 2011
   Google Scholar
• Laudati , A. 2010 . Ecotourism: The modern predator? Implications of gorilla tourism on local livelihoods in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 28 ( 4 ) : 726 – 743 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach , M. and Mearns , R. 1996a . “ Environmental change and policy. Challenging received wisdom in Africa ” . In The Lie of the Land. Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment , Edited by: Leach , M. and Mearns , R. 1 – 33 . Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Leach , M. and Mearns , R. 1996b . The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Makombo, J., 2003, ‘Responding to the challenge – how protected areas can best provide benefits beyond boundaries. A case study of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in western Uganda’, Kampala: Uganda Wildlife Authority, unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Namara, A., 2000, ‘People and Bwindi forest: A historical account as given by local community members’, Kabale: Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Namara , A. 2006 . From paternalism to real partnership with local communities? Experiences from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda) . Africa Development , 31 ( 2 ) : 39 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Namara , A. and Nsabagasani , X. 2003 . “ Decentralization and wildlife management: Devolving rights or shedding responsibility? Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda ” . In Environmental Governance in Africa Series , Washington, DC : World Resources Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Naughton-Treves , L. , Grossberg , R. and Treves , A. 2003 . Paying for tolerance: Rural citizens’ attitudes toward wolf depredation and compensation . Conservation Biology , 17 ( 6 ) : 1500 – 1511 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann , R. P. 1998 . Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nyhus , P. , Osofsky , S. , Ferraro , P. , Madden , F. and Fischer , H. 2003 . “ Bearing the costs of human–wildlife conflict: The challenges of compensation schemes ” . In People and Wildlife: Conflict or Co-existence? , Edited by: Woodroffe , R. , Thirgood , S. and Rabinowitz , A. 107 – 121 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Olupot, W., R. Barigyira and C.A. Chapman, 2009, ‘The status of anthropogenic threat at the people-park interface of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda’, Environmental Conservation, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 41–50.
   Google Scholar
• Plumptre, A.J., A. Kayitare, H. Rainer, M. Gray, I. Manaura, N. Barakabuye, S. Asuma, M. Sivha and A. Namara, 2004, ‘The socioeconomic status of people living near protected areas in the central Albertine rift’, technical report, IGCP, WCS and CARE.
   Google Scholar
• Polkinghorne , D. E. 1995 . “ Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis ” . In Life History and Narrative , Edited by: Hatch , J. A. and Wisniewski , R. 5 – 23 . London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Propp , V. 1968 . Morphology of the Folktale , Austin, Texas : Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics .
   Google Scholar
• Rocheleau , D. E. , Steinberg , P. E. and Benjamin , P. A. 1995 . Environment, development, crisis, and crusade: Ukambani, Kenya, 1890-1990 . World Development , 23 ( 6 ) : 1037 – 1051 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe , E. M. 1991 . Development narratives, or making the best of blueprint development . World Development , 19 ( 4 ) : 287 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe , E. M. 1994 . Narrative Policy Analysis: Theory and Practice , Durham : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roe , E. M. 1995 . Except Africa – Postscript to a special section on development narratives . World Development , 23 ( 6 ) : 1065 – 1069 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe , E. M. 1999 . Except-Africa: Remaking Development, Rethinking Power , New Brunswick : NJ Transaction Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Rudd, K.E., 2004, ‘The impoverishment of the Ugandan Batwa associated with Biwindi Impenetrable National Park’, Vermont: Middlebury College.
   Google Scholar
• Sandbrook, C.G., 2006, ‘Tourism, conservation and livelihoods: the impacts of gorilla tracking at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda’, PhD thesis, University College London.
   Google Scholar
• Sandbrook , C. G. 2010 . Putting leakage in its place: The significance of retained tourism revenue in the local context in rural Uganda . Journal of International Development , 22 : 124 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwerdtner , K. and Gruber , B. 2007 . A conceptual framework for damage compensation schemes . Biological Conservation , 134 ( 3 ) : 354 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , J. C. 1992 . Domination and the Arts of Resistance , London : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , P. 2010 . Niche partitioning and densities of Albertine Rift endemics and their congeners in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda . Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology , 81 ( 1 ) : 7 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sletten, A., 2009, ‘Protected Areas and Poverty in Africa (PAPIA): A discourse analysis of presentations at a world conference on conservation (in Norwegian)’, University of Oslo, Institute for Sociology and Human Geography.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , S. 2006 . The elephant in the room? Problematising “new” (Neoliberal) biodiversity conservation . Forum for Development Studies , 33 ( 1 ) : 105 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Svarstad , H. 2002 . Analysing conservation–development discourses: The story of a biopiracy narrative . Forum for Development Studies , 1 : 63 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Svarstad , H. 2009 . The sociology of narrativity . Sosiologi I Dag , 39 ( 4 ) : 29 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Svarstad , H. , Petersen , L. K. , Rothmanc , D. , Siepeld , H. and Wätzold , F. 2008 . Discursive biases of the environmental research framework DPSIR . Land Use Policy , 25 : 116 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swenson , J. E. and Andrén , H. 2005 . “ A tale of two countries: Large carnivore depredations and compensation schemes in Sweden and Norway ” . In People and Wildlife: Conflict or Co-existence , Edited by: Woodroffe , R. , Thirgood , S. J. and Rabinowitz , A. 323 – 339 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tukahirwa, E.M. and D.E. Pomeroy, 1993, ‘Bwindi Impenetrable Forest: Baseline study report’, Kampala: Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Tumushabe , G. and Musiime , E. 2006 . Living on the margins of life: The plight of the Batwa communities of south-western Uganda . ACODE Policy Research Series ,
   Google Scholar
• Tumusiime , D. M. and Vedeld , P. forthcoming . False promise or false premise? Using tourism revenue sharing to promote conservation and poverty reduction in Uganda . Conservation and Society ,
   Google Scholar
• Tumusiime , D. M. , Vedeld , P. and Gombya-Ssembajjwe , W. 2011 . Breaking the law? Illegal livelihoods from a Protected Area in Uganda . Forest Policy and Economics , 13 ( 4 ) : 273 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumusiime, D.M. and E. Sjaastad, forthcoming, ‘Bwindi Impenetrable National Park as a local source of employment’.
   Google Scholar
• UWA, 2000, ‘Revenue sharing programme around Protected Areas’, Kampala: Community conservation unit, Uganda Wildlife Authority.
   Google Scholar
• UWA, 2001, ‘Bwindi Mgahinga Conservation Area general management plan (July 2001–June 2011)’, Kampala: Uganda Wildlife Authority.
   Google Scholar
• UWA, 2004, ‘Community conservation policy’, Kampala: Uganda Wildlife Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Wild , R. G. and Mutebi , J. 1996 . “ Conservation through community use of plant resources: Establishing collaborative management at Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, Uganda ” . In People and Plants Working Paper, No. 5 , Paris : UNESCO .
   Google Scholar
• Worah, S., Y. Moyini and J. Ssuna, 2000, ‘Report on the participatory review of CARE's Development through Conservation Project’, Kampala: CARE Uganda.
   Google Scholar
• WWF, 2006, ‘Species and people: Linked futures’. A report with case studies on the contribution of wildlife conservation to rural livelihoods and the Millennium Development Goals, Gland: Switzerland.
   Google Scholar