References
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM-4). Washington: APA; 1994.
- Ahmad, A. Childhood trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder, a developmental and cross-cultural approach. Doctoral thesis, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, 874. Uppsala: Uppsala University; 1999.
- Almqvist K. Refugee children. Effects of organized violence and forced migration on young children's psychological health and development. Goteborg University, Department of Psychology, Goteborg 1997
- Brown EJ. Clinical characteristics and efficacious treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatr Ann 2005; 34: 138–46
- Khamis V. Posttraumatic stress disorder among school age Palestinian children. Child Abuse Negl 2005; 29: 81–95
- Pynoos R, Steinberg A, Wraith R. A developmental model of childhood traumatic stress. Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 2: Risk, disorder and adoption, D Cicchetti, D Cohen. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1995
- Shaw JA. Children exposed to war/terrorism. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2003; 6: 237–46
- Sundelin–Wahlsten V, Ahmad A, von Knorring A-L. Traumatic experience and posttraumatic stress reactions in children from Kurdistan and Sweden. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90: 563–8
- Terr L. Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 10–20
- Yule W. Posttraumatic stress disorders. Child and adolescent psychiatry, modern approaches, M Rutter, E Taylor, I Hersov. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1994
- Famularo R, Kinscherff R, Fenton T. Propranolol treatment for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder, acute type. A pilot study. Am J Dis Child 1988; 142: 1244–7
- Pitman RK, Delahanty DL. Conceptually driven pharmacologic approaches to acute trauma. CNS Spectr 2005; 10: 99–106
- Kant R, Chalansani R, Chengappa KN, Dieringer MF. The off-label use of clozapine in adolescents with bipolar disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2004; 14: 57–63
- Donnelly CL. Pharmacologic treatment approaches for children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2003; 12: 251–69
- Putnam FW, Hulsmann JF. Pharmacotherapy for survivors of childhood trauma. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 2002; 7: 129–36
- Lusting SL, Kia-Keating M, Knight WG, Geltman P, Ellis H, Kinzie JD, et al. Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43: 24–36
- Oras R, de Ezpeleta SC, Ahmad A. Treatment of traumatized refugee children with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in a psychodynamic context. Nord J Psychiatry 2004; 58: 199–203
- Saltzman WR, Layne CM, Steinberg AM, Arslanagic B, Pynoos RS. Developing a culturally and ecologically sound intervention program for youth exposed to war and terrorism. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2003; 12: 319–42
- Onyut LP, Neuner F, Schauer E, Ertl V, Odenwald M, Schauer M, et al. Narrative exposure therapy as a treatment for child war survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder, two case reports and a pilot study in an African refugee settlement. BMC Psychiatry 2005; 5: 7–34
- Ursano RJ, Bell C, Eth S, Friedman M, Norwood A, Pfefferbaum B, et al. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161(11 Suppl)3–31
- Carr A. Interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rehabil 2005; 8: 29–31
- Traut A, Kaminer D, Boshoff D, Seedat S, Hawkridge S, Stein DJ. Treatment utilization and trauma characteristics of child and adolescent inpatients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Curationis 2003; 26: 44–8
- Donnelly CL, Amaya Jackson L. Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment options. Paediatr Drugs 2002; 4: 159–70
- Cohen JA, Deblinger E, Mannarino AP, Steer RA. A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43: 393–402
- Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Knudsen K. Treating sexually abused-children: 1-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Child Abuse Negl 2005; 29: 135–45
- Taylor TL, Chemtob CM. Efficacy of treatment for child and adolescent traumatic stress. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158: 786–91
- Jaberghaderi N, Greenwald R, Rubin A, Zand SO, Dolatabadi S. A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually abused Iranian Girls. Clin Psychol Psychother 2004; 11: 358–68
- Scheck MM, Schaeffer JA, Gillette C. Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. J Trauma Stress 1998; 11: 25–44
- Shapiro F. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, basic principles, protocols and procedures. Guilford Press, New York 1995
- Wilson SA, Becker LA, Tinker RH. Fifteen-month follow-up of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological trauma. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997; 65: 1047–56
- Muris P, Merckelbach H, Van Haaften H, Mayer B. Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing versus exposure in vivo. A single-session crossover study of spider-phobic children. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 171: 82–6
- Ahmad A, Sofi MA, Sundelin-Wahlsten V, von Knorring A-L. Posttraumatic stress disorder in children after the military operation “Anfal” in Iraqi Kurdistan. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatr 2000; 9: 235–43
- Olsson, G. Adolescent depression, epidemiology, nosology, life stress and social network. Doctoral thesis, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, 770. Uppsala: Uppsala University; 1998.
- Ahmad A, Sundelin Wahlsten V, Arinell H, Sofi MA, Qahar JA, von Knorring A-L. Reliability and validity of a child specific cross-cultural instrument for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 9: 285–94
- Ahmad, A, Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. Applying EMDR for PTSD in children. Nord J Psychiatry, (submitted).
- Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for behavioral science2nd edition. Academic Press, New York 1988
- Cahill SP. Evaluating EMDR in treating PTSD. Psychiatr Times 2000; 17: 41–50
- McNally RJ. EMDR and mesmerism: A comparative historical analysis. J Anxiety Disord 1999; 13: 225–36
- Muris P, Merckelbach H. Traumatic memories, eye movements, phobia, and panic: A critical note on the proliferation of EMDR. J Anxiety Disord 1999; 13: 209–23
- Lohr JM, Kleinknecht RA, Tolin DF, Barrett RH. The empirical status of clinical application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiat 1995; 26: 285–302
- Rosen GM. On the origin of eye movement desensitization. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiat 1995; 26: 121–2