Additive effect of glutathione S-transferase T1 active genotype and infection with Toxoplasma gondii for increasing the risk of schizophrenia

References

• Patel KR, Cherian J, Gohil K, et al. Schizophrenia: overview and treatment options. P T. 2014;39:638–645.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arias I, Sorlozano A, Villegas E, et al. Infectious agents associated with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2012;136:128–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell MS, Werge T, Sklar P, et al. Evaluating historical candidate genes for schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20:555–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen MG, Nordgaard J, Jansson LB. Genetics of schizophrenia: overview of methods, findings and limitations. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SK, Kang SW, Chung JH, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione-related enzymes (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) and schizophrenia risk: a meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16:19602–19611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pejovic-Milovancevic MM, Mandic-Maravic VD, Coric VM, et al. Glutathione S-transferase deletion polymorphisms in early-onset psychotic and bipolar disorders: a case-control study. Lab Med. 2016;47:195–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allocati N, Masulli M, Di Ilio C, et al. Glutathione transferases: substrates, inihibitors and pro-drugs in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Oncogenesis. 2018;7:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitou M, Ishida T. Distributions of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes worldwide are characterized by latitudinal clines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16:355–361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garte S, Gaspari L, Alexandrie AK, et al. Metabolic gene polymorphism frequencies in control populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10:1239–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz Y, Gul CB, Arabul M, et al. Helicobacter pylori: a role in schizophrenia? Med Sci Monit. 2008;14:HY13–HY16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yolken RH, Torrey EF. Are some cases of psychosis caused by microbial agents? A review of the evidence. Mol Psychiatry. 2008;13:470–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avramopoulos D, Pearce BD, McGrath J, et al. Infection and inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a genome wide study for interactions with genetic variation. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0116696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutterland AL, Fond G, Kuin A, et al. Beyond the association. Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015;132:161–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster JP, Kaushik M, Bristow GC, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection, from predation to schizophrenia: can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour? J Exp Biol. 2013;216:99–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez VO, de Mendonça Lima FW, de Carvalho CF, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection and behavioral outcomes in humans: a systematic review. Parasitol Res. 2018;117:3059–3065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegr J. Schizophrenia and Toxoplasma gondii: an undervalued association? Expert Rev anti Infect Ther. 2015;13:817–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrey EF, Bartko JJ, Yolken RH. Toxoplasma gondii and other risk factors for schizophrenia: an update. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38:642–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holub D, Flegr J, Dragomirecká E, et al. Differences in onset of disease and severity of psychopathology between toxoplasmosis-related and toxoplasmosis-unrelated schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127:227–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celik T, Kartalci S, Aytas O, et al. Association between latent toxoplasmosis and clinical course of schizophrenia – continuous course of the disease is characteristic for Toxoplasma gondii-infected patients. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 2015;62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dincel GC, Atmaca HT. Role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2016;29:226–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsheikha HM, Büsselberg D, Zhu XQ. The known and missing links between Toxoplasma gondii and schizophrenia. Metab Brain Dis. 2016;31:749–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro-Santos R, de Campos-Carli SM, Ferretjans R, et al. The association of cognitive performance and IL-6 levels in schizophrenia is influenced by age and antipsychotic treatment. Nord J Psychiatry. 2020;74:187–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Pinto L, et al. Is Toxoplasma gondii infection related to brain and behavior impairments in humans? Evidence from a population-representative birth cohort. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0148435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karabulut N, Bilgiç S, Gürok MG, et al. Is there any role of latent toxoplasmosis in schizophrenia disease? J Chin Med Assoc. 2015;78:533–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Witte LD, van Mierlo HC, Litjens M, et al.; the GROUP Investigators. The association between antibodies to neurotropic pathogens and schizophrenia: a case-control study. Npj Schizophr. 2015;1:15041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari-Lari M, Farashbandi H, Mohammadi F. Association of Toxoplasma gondii infection with schizophrenia and its relationship with suicide attempts in these patients. Trop Med Int Health. 2017;22:1322–1327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton CR. Mutational analysis: known mutations. In: McPherson MJ, Hames D, Taylor GR, editors. PCR2: a practical approach. Oxford: IRL-Press; 1995. p. 219–222.
   Google Scholar
• Ivaschenko TE, Sideleva OG, Baranov VS. Glutathione-S-transferase micro and theta gene polymorphisms as new risk factors of atopic bronchial asthma. J Mol Med (Berl). 2002;80:39–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daryani A, Sarvi S, Aarabi M, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the Iranian general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop. 2014;137:185–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasseri G, Zahedi T, Mousavi-Kazerooni F, et al. Prevalence of null genotypes of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and M1 (GSTM1) in seven Iranian populations. Iran J Public Health. 2015;44:1655–1661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuglewicz AJ, Piotrowski P, Stodolak A. Relationship between toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia: a review. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017;26:1031–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffa M, Lakhdar R, Ghachem M, et al. Relationship between GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and schizophrenia: a case-control study in a Tunisian population. Gene. 2013;512:282–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadat M, Mobayen F, Farrashbandi H. Genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase T1: a candidate genetic modifier of individual susceptibility to schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2007;153:87–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravina P, Spoletini I, Masini S, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTA1 as risk factors for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2011;187:454–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Santiago B, Brunet A, Sobrino B, et al. Association of common copy number variants at the glutathione S-transferase genes and rare novel genomic changes with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;15:1023–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb G, Vaska V, Coggan M, et al. Chromosomal localization of the gene for the human theta class glutathione transferase (GSTT1). Genomics. 1996;33:121–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees E, Walters JT, Georgieva L, et al. Analysis of copy number variations at 15 schizophrenia-associated loci. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204:108–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harada S, Tachikawa H, Kawanishi Y. Glutathione S-transferase M1 gene deletion may be associated with susceptibility to certain forms of schizophrenia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;281:267–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pae CU, Kim JJ, Lee SJ, et al. Association study between glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphism and schizophrenia in the Korean population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003;27:519–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadynejad P, Saadat I, Ghanizadeh A, et al. Bipolar disorder and polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1). Psychiatry Res. 2011;186:144–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chbili C, Elouaer A, Fathallah N, et al. Effects of glutathione S-transferase M1 andT1 deletions on bipolar disorder risk among a Tunisian population. Gene. 2017;607:31–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song J, Bergen SE, Kuja-Halkola R, et al. Bipolar disorder and its relation to major psychiatric disorders: a family-based study in the Swedish population. Bipolar Disord. 2015;17:184–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke MS, Dubey JP, Sibley LD. Genetic mapping of pathogenesis determinants in Toxoplasma gondii. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2016;70:63–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao J, Prandovszky E, Kannan G, et al. Toxoplasma gondii: biological parameters of the connection to schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2018;44:983–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablensky A. Subtyping schizophrenia: implications for genetic research. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:815–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar