References
- Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:942–948.
- Willcutt EG. The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics. 2012;9:490–499.
- Biederman J, Petty CR, Clarke A, et al. Predictors of persistent ADHD: an 11-year follow-up study. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:150–155.
- Klein RG, Mannuzza S, Olazagasti MA, et al. Clinical and functional outcome of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 33 years later. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:1295–1303.
- de la Barra FE, Vicente B, Saldivia S, et al. Epidemiology of ADHD in Chilean children and adolescents. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2013;5:1–8.
- Elia J, Ambrosini P, Berrettini W. ADHD characteristics: I. Concurrent co-morbidity patterns in children & adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2008;2:15.
- Hergüner S, Hergüner A. Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu olan çocuk ve ergenlerde eşlik eden psikiyatrik bozukluklar. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi. 2012;49:114–118.
- Mancini C, Van Ameringen M, Oakman J, et al. Childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with anxiety disorders. Psychol Med. 1999;29:515–525.
- Toros F, Tataroğlu C. Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu: Sosoyodemografik özellikler, anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyleri. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi. 2002;9:23–31.
- Yüce M, Zoroglu SS, Ceylan MF, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity distribution and diversities in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a study from Turkey. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:1791–1799.
- Biederman J, Petty CR, Monuteaux MC, et al. Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Girls With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: 11-Year Follow-Up in a Longitudinal Case-Control Study. AJP. 2010;167(4):409–417. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050736.
- March JS, Swanson JM, Arnold LE, et al. Anxiety as a predictor and outcome variable in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD (MTA). J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2000;28:527–541.
- Koyuncu A, Ertekin E, Yüksel Ç, et al. Predominantly inattentive type of ADHD is associated with social anxiety disorder. J Atten Disord. 2015;19:856–864.
- Koyuncu A, Çelebi F, Ertekin E, et al. Clinical effects of ADHD subtypes in patients with social anxiety disorder. J Atten Disord. 2019a;23:1464–1469.
- Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Simpson W, et al. Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in an anxiety disorders population. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011;17:221–226.
- Tai YM, Gau CS, Gau SS, et al. Prediction of ADHD to anxiety disorders: an 11-year national insurance data analysis in Taiwan. J Atten Disord. 2013;17:660–669.
- Jensen PS, Hinshaw SP, Kraemer HC, et al. ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: comparing comorbid subgroups. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:147–158.
- Adler LA, Liebowitz M, Kronenberger W, et al. Atomoxetine treatment in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26:212–221.
- Geller D, Donnelly C, Lopez F, et al. Atomoxetine treatment for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:1119–1127.
- Golubchik P, Sever J, Weizman A. Methylphenidate treatment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid social phobia. IntClinPsychopharmacol. 2014;29:212–215.
- Koyuncu A, Çelebi F, Ertekin E, et al. Extended-release methylphenidate monotherapy in patients with comorbid social anxiety disorder and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: retrospective case series. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2017a;7:241–247.
- Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:716–723.
- Koyuncu A, Alkın T, Tükel R. Development of social anxiety disorder secondary to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (the developmental hypothesis). Early Interv Psychiatry. 2018;12:269–272.
- Koyuncu A, Ince E, Ertekin E, et al. Is there a prodrom period in patients with social anxiety disorder? A discussion on the hypothesis of social anxiety disorder development secondary to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2019b;11:343–351.
- Dulcan MK, Ballard R, Phoonam J, et al. In: Concise guide to child and adolescent psychiatry. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2018. Chapter 1; p. 10.
- Edbom T, Lichtenstein P, Granlund M, et al. Long-term relationships between symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and self-esteem in a prospective longitudinal study of twins. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:650–657.
- Göker Z, Aktepe E, Kandil S. Dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu tanili çocuk ve ergenlerin benlik saygilari ve yaşam kaliteleri. Yeni Sempozyum Dergisi. 2011;49:209–216.
- Harpin V, Mazzone L, Raynaud JP, et al. Long-term outcomes of ADHD: a systematic review of self-esteem and social function. J Atten Disord. 2016;20:295–305.
- Slomkowski C, Klein RG, Mannuzza S. Is self-esteem an important outcome in hyperactive children? J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1995;23:303–315.
- Yen CF, Chou WJ, Liu TL, et al. The association of Internet addiction symptoms with anxiety, depression and self-esteem among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55:1601–1608.
- Iancu I, Bodner E, Ben-Zion IZ. Self-esteem, dependency, self-efficacy and self-criticism in social anxiety disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2015;58:165–171.
- Izgiç F, Akyüz G, Doğan O, et al. Social phobia among university students and its relation to self-esteem and body image. Can J Psychiatry. 2004;49:630–634.
- Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:980–988.
- Hollingshead AR. Social class and mental illness: a community study. New York (NY): John Wiley; 1958.
- Gökler B, Ünal F, Pehlivantürk B, et al. Reliability and validity of schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school age children – present and lifetime version-turkish version (K-SADS-PL-T. Turk J Child AdolescMent Health. 2004;11:109–116.
- Conners CK, Barkley RA. Rating scales and checklists for child psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985;21:809–843.
- Dereboy Ç, Şenol S, Şener Ş, et al. Connerskısa form öğretmenveana baba derecelendirmeölçekleriningeçerliği. TürkPsikiyatriDergisi. 2007;18:48–58.
- Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press; 1965.
- Çuhadaroğlu F. 1986. Self-esteem in adolescents [unpublished master thesis]. Ankara: Hacettepe University Medical School Press.
- Demir T, Eralp Demir D, Özmen E, et al. Çapa Çocuk ve Ergenler için Sosyal Fobi Ölçeğinin Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirliği. Düşünen Adam. 1999;12:23–30.
- Mörtberg E, Tilfors K, Bejerot S. Screening for ADHD in an adult social phobia sample. J Atten Disord. 2012;16:645–649.
- Safren SA, Lanka GD, Otto MW, et al. Prevalence of childhood ADHD among patients with generalized anxiety disorder and a comparison condition, social phobia. Depress Anxiety. 2001;13:190–191.
- Schmitz M, Ludwig H, Rohde LA. Do hyperactive symptoms matter in ADHD-I restricted phenotype? J Clin Child AdolescPsychol. 2010;39:741–748.
- Melegari MG, Bruni O, Sacco R, et al. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. Psychiatry Res. 2018;270:780–785.
- Green AC, Hunt C, Stain HJ. The delay between symptom onset and seeking professional treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders in a rural Australian sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012;47:1475–1487.
- Schneier FR, Johnson J, Hornig CD, et al. Social phobia. Comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:282–288.
- Weiller E, Bisserbe JC, Boyer P, et al. Social phobia in general health care: an unrecognised undertreated disabling disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;168:169–174.
- Levy F. Synaptic gating and ADHD: a biological theory of comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29:1589–1596.
- Schatz DB, Rostain AL. ADHD with comorbid anxiety: a review of the current literature. J Atten Disord. 2006;10:141–149.
- Fatima M, Niazi S, Ghayas S. Relationship between self-esteem and social anxiety: role of social connectedness as a mediator. Pakistan J Soc Clin Psychol. 2017;15:2:12–7.
- Ginsburg GS, La-Greca AM, Silverman WK. Social anxiety in children with anxiety disorders: relation with social and emotional functioning. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1998;26:175–185.
- Acarturk C, Smit F, de Graaf R, et al. Incidence of social phobia and identification of its risk indicators: a model for prevention. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009;119:62–70.
- de Jong PJ, Sportel BE, de Hullu E, et al. Co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence: differential links with implicit and explicit self-esteem? Psychol Med. 2012;42:475–484.