1,033
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

The efficacy of schema therapy for personality disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

, , , , , & show all
Pages 641-650 | Received 27 Feb 2023, Accepted 19 Jun 2023, Published online: 04 Jul 2023

References

  • Samuels J. Personality disorders: epidemiology and public health issues. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2011;23(3):223–233. doi: 10.3109/09540261.2011.588200.
  • Sansone RA, Farukhi S, Wiederman MW. Utilization of primary care physicians in borderline personality. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011;33(4):343–346. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.04.006.
  • Newton-Howes G, Clark LA, Chanen A. Personality disorder across the life course. Lancet. 2015;385(9969):727–734. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61283-6.
  • Black DW, Blum N, Pfohl B, et al. Suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder: prevalence, risk factors, prediction, and prevention. J Pers Disord. 2004;18(3):226–239. doi: 10.1521/pedi.18.3.226.35445.
  • Paris J, Zweig-Frank H. The 27-year follow-up of patients with borderline personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2001;42(6):482–487. doi: 10.1053/comp.2001.26271.
  • Oud M, Arntz A, Hermens ML, et al. Specialized psychotherapies for adults with borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018;52(10):949–961. doi: 10.1177/0004867418791257.
  • Stoffers-Winterling JM, Voellm BA, Rücker G, et al. Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;8:CD005652.
  • Hadjipavlou G, Ogrodniczuk JS. Promising psychotherapies for personality disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(4):202–210. doi: 10.1177/070674371005500403.
  • May JM, Richardi TM, Barth KS. Dialectical behavior therapy as treatment for borderline personality disorder. Ment Health Clin. 2016;6(2):62–67. doi: 10.9740/mhc.2016.03.62.
  • Davidson K, Norrie J, Tyrer P, et al. The effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: results from the borderline personality disorder study of cognitive therapy (BOSCOT) trial. J Pers Disord. 2006;20(5):450–465. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2006.20.5.450.
  • Bateman A, Fonagy P. 8-year follow-up of patients treated for borderline personality disorder: mentalization-based treatment versus treatment as usual. AJP. 2008;165(5):631–638. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07040636.
  • Doering S, Hörz S, Rentrop M, et al. Transference-focused psychotherapy v. treatment by community psychotherapists for borderline personality disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;196(5):389–395. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.070177.
  • Lynch TR, Trost WT, Salsman N, et al. Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2007;3(1):181–205. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095229.
  • Lorentzen S, Ruud T, Fjeldstad A, et al. Comparison of short-and long-term dynamic group psychotherapy: randomised clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;203(4):280–287. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113688.
  • Bakos DS, Gallo AE, Wainer R. Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of schema therapy. Contemp Behav Health Care. 2015;1(1):11–15. doi: 10.15761/CBHC.1000104.
  • Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: a practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press. 2006.
  • Thimm JC. Personality and early maladaptive schemas: a five-factor model perspective. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2010;41(4):373–380. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.03.009.
  • Lobbestael J, van Vreeswijk M, Arntz A. Shedding light on schema modes: a clarification of the mode concept and its current research status. Neth J Psychol. 2007;63:69–78.
  • Bamelis LL, Renner F, Heidkamp D, et al. Extended schema mode conceptualizations for specific personality disorders: an empirical study. J Pers Disord. 2011;25(1):41–58. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2011.25.1.41.
  • Giesen-Bloo J, Van Dyck R, Spinhoven P, et al. Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: randomized trial of schema-focused therapy vs transference-focused psychotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(6):649–658. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.649.
  • Cristea IA, Gentili C, Cotet CD, et al. Efficacy of psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(4):319–328. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.4287.
  • Jacob GA, Arntz A. Schema therapy for personality disorders—a review. Int J Cogn Ther. 2013;6(2):171–185. doi: 10.1521/ijct.2013.6.2.171.
  • Sempértegui GA, Karreman A, Arntz A, et al. Schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: a comprehensive review of its empirical foundations, effectiveness and implementation possibilities. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(3):426–447. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.11.006.
  • Taylor CD, Bee P, Haddock G. Does schema therapy change schemas and symptoms? A systematic review across mental health disorders. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract. 2017;90(3):456–479. doi: 10.1111/papt.12112.
  • Hilden HM, Rosenström T, Karila I, et al. Effectiveness of brief schema group therapy for borderline personality disorder symptoms: a randomized pilot study. Nord J Psychiatry. 2021;75(3):176–185. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2020.1826050.
  • Leppänen V, Hakko H, Sintonen H, et al. Comparing effectiveness of treatments for borderline personality disorder in communal mental health care: the oulu BPD study. Community Ment Health J. 2016;52(2):216–227. doi: 10.1007/s10597-015-9866-4.
  • Mohamadizadeh L, Makvandi B, Pasha R, et al. Comparing of the effect of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and schema therapy (ST) on reducing mood activity and suicidal thoughts in patients with borderline personality disorder. Acta Med Mediterr. 2017;33:1025–1031.
  • Farrell JM, Shaw IA, Webber MA. A schema-focused approach to group psychotherapy for outpatients with borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2009;40(2):317–328. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.01.002.
  • Leppänen V, Kärki A, Saariaho T, et al. Changes in schemas of patients with severe borderline personality disorder: the oulu BPD study. Scand J Psychol. 2015;56(1):78–85. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12172.
  • Jacob GA, Hauer A, Köhne S, et al. A schema therapy-based eHealth program for patients with borderline personality disorder (priovi): naturalistic single-arm observational study. JMIR Ment Health. 2018;5(4):e10983. doi: 10.2196/10983.
  • Skewes SA, Samson RA, Simpson SG, et al. Short-term group schema therapy for mixed personality disorders: a pilot study. Front. Psychol. 2015;5:1592. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01592.
  • Videler AC, Rossi G, Schoevaars M, et al. Effects of schema group therapy in older outpatients: a proof of concept study. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(10):1709–1717. doi: 10.1017/S1041610214001264.
  • Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):e1–e34. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006.
  • Higgins JPT, Chandler J, Cumpston M, et al. (editors). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. version 6.0. 2019;www.training.cochrane.org/handbook
  • Slim K, Nini E, Forestier D, et al. Methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS): development and validation of a new instrument. ANZ J Surg. 2003;73(9):712–716. doi: 10.1046/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x.
  • Pierce CA. Software review: borenstein, M., hedges, LV, higgins, JPT, & rothstein, HR (2006). comprehensive meta-analysis (version 2.2. 027)[computer software]. englewood, NJ: biostat. Organ Res Methods. 2008;11(1):188–191. doi: 10.1177/1094428106296641.
  • Hedges LV. Olkin I statistical methods for Meta-Analysis. New York: Academic Press. 1985.
  • Ball SA, Maccarelli LM, LaPaglia DM, et al. Randomized trial of dual-focused vs. single-focused individual therapy for personality disorders and substance dependence. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2011;199(5):319–328. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182174e6f.
  • Bamelis LL, Evers SM, Spinhoven P, et al. Results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness of schema therapy for personality disorders. AJP. 2014;171(3):305–322. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12040518.
  • Nadort M, Arntz A, Smit JH, et al. Implementation of outpatient schema therapy for borderline personality disorder with versus without crisis support by the therapist outside office hours: a randomized trial. Behav Res Ther. 2009;47(11):961–973. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.013.
  • Dickhaut V, Arntz A. Combined group and individual schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: a pilot study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2014;45(2):242–251. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.11.004.
  • Gude T, Hoffart A. Change in interpersonal problems after cognitive agoraphobia and schema-focused therapy versus psychodynamic treatment as usual of inpatients with agoraphobia and cluster C personality disorders. Scand J Psychol. 2008;49(2):195–199. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00629.x.
  • Nordahl HM, Nysæter TE. Schema therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder: a single case series. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2005;36(3):254–264. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.05.007.
  • Van Vreeswijk MF, Spinhoven P, Eurelings-Bontekoe EHM, et al. Changes in symptom severity, schemas and modes in heterogeneous psychiatric patient groups following short-term schema cognitive–behavioural group therapy: a naturalistic pre-treatment and post-treatment design in an outpatient clinic. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 2014;21(1):29–38. doi: 10.1002/cpp.1813.
  • Körük S, Özabacı N. Effectiveness of schema therapy on the treatment of depressive disorders: a meta-analysis. Curr Approaches Psychiatry. 2018;10:460–470.
  • Arntz A. Schema therapy for cluster C personality disorders. The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Schema Therapy: theory, Research, and Practice. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2012.
  • Cramer V, Torgersen S, Kringlen E. Personality disorders and quality of life. A population study. Compr Psychiatry. 2006;47(3):178–184. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.06.002.
  • Young JE. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach (3rd ed.). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange. 1999;
  • Faber T, Ravaud P, Riveros C, et al. Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16(1):1–25. doi: 10.1186/s12874-016-0136-0.
  • Munder T, Gerger H, Trelle S, et al. Testing the allegiance bias hypothesis: a meta-analysis. Psychother Res. 2011;21(6):670–684. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2011.602752.
  • Berger VW, Alperson SY. A general framework for the evaluation of clinical trial quality. RRCT. 2009;4(2):79–88. doi: 10.2174/157488709788186021.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.