Live and recorded music interventions for management of delirium symptoms in acute geriatric patients: Protocol for a randomized feasibility trial

References

• Agar, M. R., Lawlor, P. G., Quinn, S., Draper, B., Caplan, G. A., Rowett, D., Sanderson, C., Hardy, J., Le, B., Eckermann, S., McCaffrey, N., Devilee, L., Fazekas, B., Hill, M., & Currow, D. C. (2017). Efficacy of oral risperidone, haloperidol, or placebo for symptoms of delirium among patients in palliative care: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 177(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, M. (2017). Akuttgeriatri - pleietung avdeling i teknologitungt sykehus: Hvordan bevare personale, glød og entusiasme? Den Sjuende Norske Kongressen i Geriatri. https://www.legeforeningen.no/contentassets/523b04fe9c27460e91689eaa12b0fdc7/akuttgeriatri-pleietung-avdeling-i-teknologitungt-sykehus-ved-marc-ahmed.pdf
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
   Google Scholar
• Arevalo-Rodriguez, I., Smailagic, N., Roqué, I. F. M., Ciapponi, A., Sanchez-Perez, E., Giannakou, A., Pedraza, O. L., Bonfill Cosp, X., & Cullum, S. (2015). Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(3), CD010783. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010783.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arroyo-Anlló, E. M., Díaz, J. P., & Gil, R. (2013). Familiar music as an enhancer of self-consciousness in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. BioMed Research International, 2013, 752965. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/752965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asghar, A., Siddiqui, K. M., Ahsan, K., & Chughtai, S. (2017). Postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery; incidence, management and prevention. Anaesth Pain & Intensive Care, 21(1), 109–111.
   Google Scholar
• Baird, A., & Samson, S. (2015). Chapter 11 - Music and dementia. In E. Altenmüller, S. Finger, & F. Boller (Eds.), Progress in brain research (Vol. 217, pp. 207–235). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.028
   Google Scholar
• Baker, F. (2001). Rationale for the effects of familiar music on agitation and orientation levels of people in posttraumatic amnesia. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 10(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/08098130109478015
   Google Scholar
• Bellg, A. J., Borrelli, B., Resnick, B., Hecht, J., Minicucci, D. S., Ory, M.Ogedegbe, G., Orwig, D., Ernst, D. & Czajkowski, S. Treatment Fidelity Workgroup of the NIH Behavior Change Consortium. (2004). Enhancing treatment fidelity in health behavior change studies: Best practices and recommendations from the NIH behavior change Consortium. Health Psychology, 23(5), 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.5.443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernatzky, G., Presch, M., Anderson, M., & Panksepp, J. (2011). Emotional foundations of music as a non-pharmacological pain management tool in modern medicine. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(9), 1989–1999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bian, X., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., Zhang, Z., & Ding, C. (2021). Does music therapy affect the global cognitive function of patients with dementia? A meta-analysis. NeuroRehabilitation, 48(4), 553–562. https://doi.org/10.3233/nre-210018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(20), 11818–11823. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.191355898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrelli, B. (2011). The assessment, monitoring, and enhancement of treatment Fidelity in public health clinical trials. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 71(s1), S52–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.2011.00233.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrelli, B., Sepinwall, D., Ernst, D., Bellg, A. J., Czajkowski, S., Breger, R., DeFrancesco, C., Levesque, C., Sharp, D. L., Ogedegbe, G., Resnick, B., & Orwig, D. (2005). A new tool to assess treatment fidelity and evaluation of treatment fidelity across 10 years of health behavior research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 852–860. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.73.5.852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradt, J., & Dileo, C. (2014). Music interventions for mechanically ventilated patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2014(12), Cd006902. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006902.pub3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brancatisano, O., Baird, A., & Thompson, W. F. (2020). Why is music therapeutic for neurological disorders? The Therapeutic music capacities model. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 112, 600–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitbart, W., Rosenfeld, B., Roth, A., Smith, M. J., Cohen, K., & Passik, S. (1997). The memorial delirium assessment scale. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 13(3), 128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0885-3924(96)00316-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning, S. G., Watters, R., & Thomson-Smith, C. (2020). Impact of therapeutic music listening on intensive care unit patients: A pilot study. The Nursing Clinics of North America, 55(4), 557–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2020.06.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull, M. J., Boaz, L., & Jermé, M. (2016). Educating family caregivers for older adults about delirium: A systematic review. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 13(3), 232–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, H. I., LaGasse, A. B., Collier, E. H., Gettis, M. A., & Walson, K. (2021). Effect of live versus recorded music on children receiving mechanical ventilation and sedation. American Journal of Critical Care, 30(5), 343–349. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2021646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheong, C. Y., Tan, J. A., Foong, Y. L., Koh, H. M., Chen, D. Z., Tan, J. J.Ng, C. J., & Yap, P. (2016). Creative music therapy in an acute care setting for older patients with delirium and dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 6(2), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445883
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chester, J. G., Beth Harrington, M., & Rudolph, J. L. (2012). Serial administration of a modified Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale for delirium screening. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 7(5), 450–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhm.1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chlan, L., & Heiderscheit, A. (2009). A tool for music preference assessment in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support. Music Therapy Perspectives, 27(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/27.1.42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clare, A., & Camic, P. M. (2020). Live and recorded group music interventions with active participation for people with dementias: A systematic review. Arts & Health, 12(3), 197–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2019.1675732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correâ, L., Caparrol, A. J. D. S., Martins, G., Pavarini, S. C. I., & Grataõ, A. C. M. (2020). Effects of music on body and facial expressions and psychological and behavioral symptoms of older adults. Brazilian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 28(2), 539–553. https://doi.org/10.4322/2526-8910.CTOAO1889
   Google Scholar
• Eldridge, S. M., Chan, C. L., Campbell, M. J., Bond, C. M., Hopewell, S., Thabane, L., P. C. G., Lancaster, G. A., & on behalf of the PAFS consensus group.(2016). CONSORT 2010 statement: Extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 2(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-016-0105-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellsworth, P. C., & Scherer, K. R. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson & K. R. Scherer (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 572–595). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ely, E. W., Truman, B., Shintani, A., Thomason, J. W. W., Wheeler, A. P., Gordon, S. … , Francis, J., Speroff, T., Gautam, S., Margolin, R., Sessler, C. N., Dittus, R. S., & Bernard, G. R. (2003). Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: Reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA, 289(22), 2983–2991. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.22.2983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evensen, S., Saltvedt, I., Ranhoff, A. H., Myrstad, M., Myrstad, C., Mellingsæter, M., Wang-Hansen, M. S., & Neerland, B. E. (2019). Delirium og kognitiv svikt blant eldre i norske akuttmottak. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.18.0578
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerdner, L. (2021). Evidence-based guideline: Individualized music for persons with dementia. (7th Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000737292.96068.18
   Google Scholar
• Gleason, L. J., Schmitt, E. M., Kosar, C. M., Tabloski, P., Saczynski, J. S., Robinson, T., Cooper, Z., Rogers, S. O. Jr., Jones, R. N., Marcantonio, E. R., & Inouye, S. K. (2015). Effect of delirium and other major complications on outcomes after elective surgery in older adults. JAMA Surgery, 150(12), 1134–1140. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2015.2606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold, C., Eickholt, J., Assmus, J., Stige, B., Wake, J. D., Baker, F. A., Tamplin, J., Clark, I., Lee, Y. C., Jacobsen, S. L., Ridder, H. M. O., Kreutz, G., Muthesius, D., Wosch, T., Ceccato, E., Raglio, A., Ruggeri, M., Vink, A., Zuidema, S. … Geretsegger, M. (2019). Music Interventions for Dementia and Depression in ELderly care (MIDDEL): Protocol and statistical analysis plan for a multinational cluster-randomised trial. BMJ Open, 9(3), e023436. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golubovic, J., Neerland, B. E., Aune, D., & Baker, F. A. (2022). Music interventions and delirium in adults: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Brain Sciences, 12(5), 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grahn, J. A., & Brett, M. (2007). Rhythm and beat perception in motor areas of the brain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(5), 893–906. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm, T., & Kreutz, G. (2018). Music interventions in disorders of consciousness (DOC) - a systematic review. Brain Injury, 32(6), 704–714. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1451657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, R., Stíobhairt, A., allerhand, M., MacLullich, A. M. J., & Tieges, Z. (2020). The Observational Scale of Level of arousal: A brief tool for assessing and monitoring level of arousal in patients with delirium outside the ICU. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 35(9), 1021–1027. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, J. H., Vasilevskis, E. E., Schnelle, J. F., Shintani, A., Dittus, R. S., Wilson, A., & Ely, E. W. (2015). The diagnostic performance of the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale for detecting delirium in older emergency department patients. Academic Emergency Medicine: Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 22(7), 878–882. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.12706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillecke, T., Nickel, A., & Bolay, H. V. (2005). Scientific perspectives on music therapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1060(1), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1360.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inouye, S. K., Westendorp, R. G., & Saczynski, J. S. (2014). Delirium in elderly people. The Lancet, 383(9920), 911–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60688-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm, A. F. (1994). A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): Development and cross-validation. Psychological Medicine, 24(1), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329170002691x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juliebø, V., Bjøro, K., Krogseth, M., Skovlund, E., Ranhoff, A. H., & Wyller, T. B. (2009). Risk factors for preoperative and postoperative delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(8), 1354–1361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02377.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kean, J., & Ryan, K. (2008). Delirium detection in clinical practice and research: Critique of current tools and suggestions for future development. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65(3), 255–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koelsch, S. (2014). Brain correlates of music-evoked emotions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(3), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korevaar, J. C., van Munster, B. C., & de Rooij, S. E. (2005). Risk factors for delirium in acutely admitted elderly patients: A prospective cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 5(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-5-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krogseth, M., Wyller, T. B., Engedal, K., & Juliebø, V. (2014). Delirium is a risk factor for institutionalization and functional decline in older hip fracture patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 76(1), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., Lee, J., Kim, J., & Jung, Y. (2021). Non-pharmacological nursing interventions for prevention and treatment of delirium in hospitalized adult patients: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168853
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., Li, C., Hu, N., & Wang, T. (2020). Music interventions for disorders of consciousness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 52(4), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnn.0000000000000511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldonado, J. R. (2017). Acute brain failure: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and sequelae of delirium. Critical Care Clinics, 33(3), 461–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2017.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcantonio, E. R. (2017). Delirium in hospitalized older adults. The New England Journal of Medicine, 377(15), 1456–1466. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1605501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott, O., Orrell, M., & Ridder, H. M. (2014). The importance of music for people with dementia: The perspectives of people with dementia, family carers, staff and music therapists. Aging & Mental Health, 18(6), 706–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.875124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meagher, D., Adamis, D., Leonard, M., Trzepacz, P., Grover, S., Jabbar, F., Meehan, K., O'Connor, M., Cronin, C., Reynolds, P., Fitzgerald, J., O'Regan, N., Timmons, S., Slor, C., de Jonghe, J., de Jonghe, A., van Munster, B. C., de Rooij, S. E., & Maclullich, A. (2014). Development of an abbreviated version of the Delirium Motor Subtyping Scale (DMSS-4). International Psychogeriatrics, 26(4), 693–702. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610213002585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Morales, C., Calero, R., Moreno-Morales, P., & Pintado, C. (2020). Music therapy in the treatment of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Medicine, 7, 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neerland, B. E., Hov, K. R., Bruun Wyller, V., Qvigstad, E., Skovlund, E., MacLullich, A. M., & Bruun Wyller, T. (2015). The protocol of the Oslo Study of Clonidine in Elderly Patients with Delirium; LUCID: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics, 15(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0006-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neerland, B. E., Krogseth, M., & Wyller, T. B. (2018). Hvordan beskrive delirium? How to describe delirium? Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening, 138(5). https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.18.0087
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ocagli, H., Bottigliengo, D., Lorenzoni, G., Azzolina, D., Acar, A. S., Sorgato, S., Stivanello, L., Degan, M., & Gregori, D. A. (2021). A machine learning approach for investigating delirium as a multifactorial syndrome. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 7105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hanlon, S., O’Regan, N., Maclullich, A. M., Cullen, W., Dunne, C., Exton, C., & Meagher, D. (2014). Improving delirium care through early intervention: From bench to bedside to boardroom. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 85(2), 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2012-304334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, E. S., Fong, T. G., Hshieh, T. T., & Inouye, S. K. (2017). Delirium in older persons: Advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA, 318(12), 1161–1174. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.12067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Kelly, J., James, L., Palaniappan, R., Taborin, J., Fachner, J., & Magee, W. L. (2013). Neurophysiological and behavioral responses to music therapy in vegetative and minimally conscious states. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 7. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S., Williams, R. A., & Lee, D. (2016). Effect of preferred music on agitation after traumatic brain injury. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(4), 394–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945915593180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quispel-Aggenbach, D. W. P., Holtman, G. A., Zwartjes, H., Zuidema, S. U., & Luijendijk, H. J. (2018). Attention, arousal and other rapid bedside screening instruments for delirium in older patients: A systematic review of test accuracy studies. Age and Ageing, 47(5), 644–653. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, S. J., Davis, D. H. J., Bellelli, G., Hasemann, W., Meagher, D., Kreisel, S. H., MacLullich, A. M. J., Cerejeira, J., & Morandi, A. (2017). Detecting delirium superimposed on dementia: Diagnostic accuracy of a simple combined arousal and attention testing procedure. International Psychogeriatrics, 29(10), 1585–1593. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610217000916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, S. J., Davis, D. H. J., Stephan, B., Robinson, L., Brayne, C., Barnes, L., Parker, S., & Allan, L. M. (2017). Protocol for the Delirium and Cognitive Impact in Dementia (DECIDE) study: A nested prospective longitudinal cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 17(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0479-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ridder, H. M., Stige, B., Qvale, L. G., & Gold, C. (2013). Individual music therapy for agitation in dementia: An exploratory Randomized controlled trial. Aging & Mental Health, 17(6), 667–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.790926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockwood, K., Song, X., MacKnight, C., Bergman, H., Hogan, D. B., McDowell, I., & Mitnitski, A. (2005). A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 173(5), 489–495. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.050051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians, (2012). National Early Warning Score (NEWS): Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. Report of working party. Royal College of Physicians.
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer, H.-E. (2017). Music-evoked emotions-current studies. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 600. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, S. C., Lai, C. C., Chen, Y. H., Chen, Y. C., Hung, M. J., & Liao, S. C. (2021). Prevalence, incidence and mortality of delirium in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing, 50(5), 1445–1453. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenkin, S. D., Fox, C., Godfrey, M., Siddiqi, N., Goodacre, S., Young, J.Anand, A., Gray, A., Hanley, J., MacRaild, A., Steven, J., Black, P. J., Tieges, Z., Boyd, J., Stephen, J., Weir, C. J., & MacLullich, A. M. J. (2019). Delirium detection in older acute medical inpatients: A multicentre prospective comparative diagnostic test accuracy study of the 4AT and the confusion assessment method. BMC Medicine, 17(1), 138. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1367-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siddiqi, N., House, A. O., & Holmes, J. D. (2006). Occurrence and outcome of delirium in medical in-patients: A systematic literature review. Age and Ageing, 35(4), 350–364. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afl005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sihvonen, A. J., Särkämö, T., Leo, V., Tervaniemi, M., Altenmüller, E., & Soinila, S. (2017). Music-based interventions in neurological rehabilitation. Lancet Neurology, 16(8), 648–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30168-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stollings, J. L., Kotfis, K., Chanques, G., Pun, B. T., Pandharipande, P. P., & Ely, E. W. (2021). Delirium in critical illness: Clinical manifestations, outcomes, and management. Intensive Care Medicine, 47(10), 1089–1103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06503-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szpunar, K. K., Schellenberg, E. G., & Pliner, P. (2004). Liking and memory for musical stimuli as a function of exposure. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(2), 370. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.30.2.370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaut, M., & Hoemberg, V. (2014). Handbook of neurologic music therapy. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tieges, Z., Quinn, T., MacKenzie, L., Davis, D., Muniz-Terrera, G., MacLullich, A. M. J., & Shenkin, S. D. (2021). Association between components of the delirium syndrome and outcomes in hospitalised adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 21(1), 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02095-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui, A., Searle, S. D., Bowden, H., Hoffmann, K., Hornby, J., Goslett, A., Weston-Clarke, M., Howes, L. H., Street, R., Perera, R., Taee, K., Kustermann, C., Chitalu, P., Razavi, B., Magni, F., Das, D., Kim, S., Chaturvedi, N., Sampson, E. L. … Davis, D. (2022). The effect of baseline cognition and delirium on long-term cognitive impairment and mortality: A prospective population-based study. The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 3(4), e232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00013-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tyson, B., Shahein, A., Erdodi, L., Tyson, L., Tyson, R., Ghomi, R., & Agarwal, P. (2022). Delirium as a presenting symptom of COVID-19. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology: Official Journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology, 35(2), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0000000000000305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Steen, J. T., Smaling, H. J., van der Wouden, J. C., Bruinsma, M. S., Scholten, R. J., & Vink, A. C. (2018). Music-based therapeutic interventions for people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7(7), CD003477. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003477.pub4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vink, A. C., Zuidersma, M., Boersma, F., de Jonge, P., Zuidema, S. U., & Slaets, J. P. (2014). Effect of music therapy versus recreational activities on neuropsychiatric symptoms in elderly adults with dementia: An exploratory randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 62(2), 392–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier, P., & Trost, W. (2015). Music and emotions: From enchantment to entrainment. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1337(1), 212–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. E., Mart, M. F., Cunningham, C., Shehabi, Y., Girard, T. D., MacLullich, A. M. J. Slooter, A. J. C., & Ely, E. W. (2020). Delirium. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witlox, J., Eurelings, L. S., de Jonghe, J. F., Kalisvaart, K. J., Eikelenboom, P., & van Gool, W. A. (2010). Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 304(4), 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar