STATE AND COMMONWEALTH CO-OPERATION IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY

NOTES AND REFERENCES

• A good review of the literature can be found in several contributions to B. Galligan (ed.), Australian Federalism, Longman Chesire, Melbourne, 1989.
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• B. Head, ‘Federalism, the states and economic policy: a political science perspective’, in B. Galligan (ed.), op. cit.
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• For example, see B. Galligan, O. Hughes, and C. Walsh (eds), Intergovernmental Relations and Public Policy, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1991.
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• For example, see The Centre for Technology and Social Change, Evaluation of National Energy Research, Development and Demonstration Program, Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS), Canberra, 1990.
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• For example, fragmentation of firms supported by the MIC program is argued by N. Ryan, ‘Selectivity in Australian government support of innovation’, Science and Public Policy, 17, 4, August, 1990.
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• For example, F. Chesnais, ‘Technical co-operation agreements between firms’, STI Review, 4, OECD, Paris, 1988; M. Porter, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press, New York, 1985.
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• Industry development funded through the Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce (DITAC). This does not include industry support provided through other government activities and as defence contracts, procurement, discretionary funding, etc.
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• Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Catalogue No 8112.0, AGPS, Canberra, 1990.
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• S. Crean, Science and Technology Budget Statement 1990-91, Budget Related Paper No. 7, AGPS, Canberra, 1990, p. 74.
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• The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Australian Science and Technology Council Act 1978, AGPS, Canberra, 1978.
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• J. Stewart, ‘Australia: mapping the system’, in Australian Science and Technology Council (ASTEC), National Purposes, Federal Government: Science and Technology in Australia, Canada and Federal Republic of Germany, ASTEC, Canberra, 1990.
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• One of many texts on state government industrial development intervention is B. Head (ed.), The Politics of Development in Australia, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1986.
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• ASTEC, 1990, op. cit.
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• Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, The Constitution, AGPS, Canberra, 1987, p. 17.
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• ASTEC, Science and Technology in Australian 1977-78, 2, AGPS, Canberra, April 1977.
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• ASTEC, 1978, op. cit., p.18.
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• K. Arrow, ‘Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention’, 1962, in N. Rosenbert (ed.), The Economics of technological change, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1971.
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• This was the precursor to CSIRO.
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• J. Stewart, op. cit., p. 24.
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• Industry expenditure excludes resource development and S&T expenditure refers to industry related programs but not in-house R&D within agencies.
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• This refers to industry related S&T programs and does not include R&D within government agencies. However, it does include financial assistance for private sector R&D.
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• S&T expenditure for NSW includes a non-recurrent Treasury allocation of $500,000 for the Funding for Innovation, Research and State Technology program.
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• Queensland's industry development expenditure excludes $39.83 million for public sector computing and telecommunications included in its industry portfolio budget.
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• The future here for Tasmania is not comparable with the other mainland states since it includes support for primary and secondary industries and assistance for home buyers. The Tasmanian Development Authority's Annual Report does not distinguish between these sectors but manufacturing represented about ten per cent of the Authority's 1989/90 loans and high technology about 0.1 per cent. This may be indicative of the allocation of the Authority's resources.
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• This is the sum of The Technology and Industry Development Authority's expenditure on technology development and expenditure from the Technology and Industry Development fund (excluding loans).
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• Commonwealth expenditure includes the cost of foregone tax revenue from tax incentive programs and grants to industry for R&D.
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• W. Grant, The Political Economy of Industrial Policy, Butterworths, 1982, p. 2.
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• N. Ryan, ‘Policy issues for government in developing an Australian venture capital market’, Australian Journal of Public Administration, March, 1991.
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• Throughout this discussion state government S&T activity is confined to industry related programs including the commercialisation of technology, rather than in-hours R&D expenditure. Poor R&D linkages between the Commonwealth and States is discussed in Stewart, 1990, op. cit. It should be noted that recent efforts by the Commonwealth to establish co-operative research centres has been instrumental in attempting to redress this problem in the area of R&D.
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• Includes higher education.
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• Includes both private and public sector business organisations. Public sector organisations represent about 16 per cent of the 1978/79 figure and nine per cent of business expenditure in 1987/88. Public sector business R&D is included in Commonwealth expenditure for 1968/69.
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• For example see, The Victorian Government, Victoria — The Next Decade, Melbourne, 1987, p.9.
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• See footnote 22 in relation to Tasmania's expenditure.
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• ABS, Catalogue No 6203.0, AGPS, Canberra.
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• Queensland Government, Quality Queensland: Building on Strength, Queensland Government, Brisbane, 1988.
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• This portfolio has undergone several name changes since 1988: 1988 — The Department of Industry Development; 1989 — Department of Manufacturing and Commerce; and 1990 — Department of Business, Industry and Regional Development.
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• Evatt Research Centre, State of Siege, Pluto Press, Sydney, 1989.
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• ABS, Catalogue Number 1304.3 and 1305.5.
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• This information is from interviews with Western Australian senior policy advisers including R. Waldock: Director (Technology Division), Technology and Industry Development Authority and Professor Fred Jevons, Professor of Science and Technology Policy, Murdoch University.
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• Overall expenditure includes private and public sector business organisations, Commonwealth and State Governments, higher education and private non-profit research organisations.
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• All sectors’ include public and private sector expenditure.
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• Its revenue base is restricted by its relatively small population and limited rent from resource exploitation.
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• ABS, Catalogue No 5626, AGPS, Canberra, 1989.
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• Tasmanian Development Authority, 1990, op. cit., p. 26.
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• For example, concessions on stamp duty, state charges such as electricity, freight etc., land costs, etc.
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• DITAC, Annual Report 1989-90, AGPS, Canberra, 1990.
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• J. Stewart, 1990, op. cit., p. 25.
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• A. Wilson, ‘Canada: Federal and provincial issues, policies and programs’, in J. Stewart (ed.), 1990, op. cit.
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• S. Pearce, ‘The Federal Republic of Germany: co-operative federal/state relations in science and technology policy’ in J. Stewart (ed.), 1990, op. cit.
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• B. Galligan, O. Hughes and C. Walsh, ‘Intergovernmental relations in Australia: perspectives and issues’, in B. Galligan et. al., 1991, op. cit.
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• ibid.
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• See footnote 6.
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• This case has been made by several authors. For example, J. Stewart, Australian Manufacturing Industry Policy: 1965 — 1985 (PhD thesis, Australian National University, 1988).
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