Etch and intracutaneous landforms and their implications

References

• Agassiz , L. 1838 . On the polished and striated surfaces of rocks which form the beds of glaciers in the Alps . Proceedings of the Geological Society of London , 3 : 321 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• Agassiz , L. 1865 . On the Drift of Brazil, and on decomposed rocks under the Drift . American Journal of Science and Arts , 40 : 389 – 390 .
   Google Scholar
• Alley , N. F. 1973 . Landsurface development in the Mid North of South Australia . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia , 97 : 1 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Balazs , D. 1962 . Beitrage zur Speläologie des sudchinesischen Karstgebietes . Karszt‐es Barlang Kutatás , 2 : 3 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Barbier , R. 1957 . Aménagements hydroélectriques dans le sud du Brésil . Comptes Rendus Sommaire et Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France , 6 : 877 – 892 .
   Google Scholar
• Bloom , A. L. 1978 . Geomorphology. A systematic Analysis of Cenozoic Landforms , New Jersey : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bourne , J. A. , Twidale , C. R. and Smith , D. M. 1974 . The Corrobinnie Depression, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia , 98 : 139 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Boyé , M. and Fritsch , P. 1973 . Dégagement artificiel d'un dôme crystallin au Sud‐Cameroun . Travaux et documents de Géographie Tropicale , 8 : 69 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Bradley , W. C. and Griggs , G. B. 1976 . Form, genesis and deformation of central California wave‐cut platforms . Geological Society of America Bulletin , 87 : 433 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brajnikov , B. 1953 . Les pains de sucre de Brésil: sont‐ils enracinés? . Comptes Rendus Sommaire et Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France , 6 : 267 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Branner , J. C. 1893 . The supposed glaciation of Brazil . Journal of Geology , 1 : 753 – 772 .
   Google Scholar
• Brock , E. J. and Twidale , C. R. 1984 . J. T. Jutson's contribution to geomorphology . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 31 : 102 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Brook , G. A. and Ford , D. C. 1976 . The Nahanni North Karst: a question mark on the validity of the morphoclimatic concept of Karst development . Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Speleology , 2 : 43 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Brook , G. A. and Ford , D. C. 1978 . The origin of labyrinth and tower Karst and the climatic conditions necessary for their development . Nature , 275 : 493 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckland , W. 1839 . On the action of acidulated waters on the surface of the chalk near Gravesend . British Association for the Advancement of Science Report , : 76 – 77 . (1839)
   Google Scholar
• Büdel , J. 1951 . Fossiler Tropenkarst in der Schwabischen Alb und den Ost Alpen; seine Stellung in der Klimatischen Schichtstufen—und Karstentwicklung . Erdkunde , 5 : 168 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Büdel , J. 1957 . Die “doppelten Einebnungsflächen” in der feuchten Tropen . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie , 1 : 201 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Büdel , J. 1961 . Morphogenese des Festlandes in Abhangigkeit von den Klimazonen . Naturwissenschaften , 48 : 313 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campana , B. , Hughes , F. E. , Burns , W. G. , Whitcher , I. G. and Muceniekas , E. 1964 . Discovery of the Hamersley iron deposits . Proceedings of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy , 210 : 1 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Clayton , R. W. 1956 . Linear depressions (Bergfussniederungen) in savannah landscapes . Geographical Studies , 3 : 102 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Corbel , J. 1959 . Erosion en terrain calcaire . Annales de Géographie , 73 : 97 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Crickmay , C. H. 1976 . “ The hypothesis of unequal activity ” . In Theories of Landform Development , Edited by: Melhorn , W. N. and Flemal , R. C. 103 – 109 . Binghampton, New York : SUNY .
   Google Scholar
• Cuvier , G. and Brogniart , A. 1822 . Description Géologique des Environs de Paris , Paris : Doufour & d'Ocagne .
   Google Scholar
• Daily , B. , Twidale , C. R. and Milnes , A. R. 1974 . The age of the lateritized summit surface on Kangaroo Island and adjacent areas of South Australia . Journal of the Geological Society of Australia , 21 : 387 – 392 .
   Google Scholar
• Dahl , R. 1965 . Plastically sculptured detail forms on rock surfaces in northern Nordland, Norway . Geografiska Annaler , A47A : 83 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Demek , J. 1964 . Castle koppies and tors in the Bohemian Highland, (Czechoslovakia) . Biuletyn Peryglacjalny , 14 : 195 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Droppa , A. 1966 . The correlation of some horizontal caves with river terraces . Studies in Speleology , 1 : 186 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Fairbridge , R. W. and Finkl , C. W. 1978 . Geomorphic analysis of the rifted cratonic margins of Western Australia . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie , 22 : 369 – 389 .
   Google Scholar
• Finkl , C. W. and Churchward , H. M. 1973 . The etched landsurface of southwestern Australia . Journal of the Geological Society of Australia , 20 : 295 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Forbes , J. D. 1843 . Travels Through the Alps of Savoy, and Other Parts of the Pennine Chain with Observations on the Phenomena of Glaciers , Edinburgh : Black .
   Google Scholar
• Gams , I. 1965 . La Grotte de Postojna . Guide Book, Excursion Dinarie Karst 4th International Speleological Congress ,
   Google Scholar
• Gerstenhauer , A. 1960 . Der tropische Kegelkarst in Tabasco (Mexico) . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband , 2 : 22 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartt , C. F. 1870 . Geology and Physical Geography of Brazil , London : Trübner .
   Google Scholar
• Hassenfratz , J. H. 1791 . Sur l'arrangement de plusieurs gros blocs de différentes pierres que l'on observe dans les montagnes . Annales de Chimie (Paris) , 11 : 95 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Hills , E. S. 1975 . Physiography of Victoria , Melbourne : Whitcombe & Tombs .
   Google Scholar
• Hutton , J. T. , Lindsay , D. S. and Twidale , C. R. 1977 . The weathering of norite at Black Hill, South Australia . Journal of the Geological Society of Australia , 24 : 37 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Hutton , J. T. , Twidale , C. R. and Milnes , A. R. 1978 . “ Characteristics and origin of some Australian silcretes ” . In Silcrete in Australia , Edited by: Langford‐Smith , T. 19 – 39 . Armidale : University of New England Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jennings , J. N. 1963 . Some geomorphological problems of the Nullarbor Plain . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia , 87 : 41 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Jennings , J. N. 1976 . A test of the importance of cliff‐foot caves in tower karst development . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband , 26 : 92 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Jennings , J. N. 1985 . Karst Geomorphology , Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , W. B. and Varnedoe , W. W. 1968 . Caves of Madison County, Alabama . Geological Survey of Alabama Circular , 52
   Google Scholar
• Jutson , J. T. 1914 . An outline of the physiographical geology (geomorphology) of Western Australia . Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Western Australia , 61
   Google Scholar
• Jutson , J. T. 1934 . The physiography (geomorphology) of Western Australia . Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Western Australia , 95
   Google Scholar
• Kemp , E. M. 1978 . Tertiary climatic evolution and vegetation history in the southeast Indian Ocean region . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 24 : 169 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , L. C. 1949 . A theory of bornhardts . Geographical Journal , 112 : 83 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaer , W. 1957 . Karstkegel, Karstinselberg und Poljeboden am Beispiel des Jezeropoljes . Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen , 101 : 108 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann , H. 1954 . Der Tropische Kegelkarst auf den Grossen Antillen . Erdkunde , 8 : 130 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann , H. , Krommelbein , K. and Lotschert , W. 1956 . Karstmorphologische, geologische und botanische Studien in der Sierra de Los Organos auf Cuba . Erdkunde , 10 : 185 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Linton , D. L. 1955 . The problems of tors . Geographical Journal , 121 : 479 – 487 .
   Google Scholar
• Logan , J. R. 1849 . The rocks of Palo Ubin . Genootschap Kunsten Wetenschappen (Batavia) , 22 : 3 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Logan , J. R. 1851 . Notices of the geology of the Straits of Singapore . Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London , 7 : 310 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Lowry , D. C. and Jennings , J. N. 1974 . The Nullarbor Karst, Australia . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie , 18 : 35 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Lyell , C. 1838 . On the origin of tubular cavities filled with gravel and sand, called ‘sandpipes’, in the chalk near Norwich . British Association for the Advancement of Science Report , 65
   Google Scholar
• Lyell , C. British Association for the Advancement of Science . Report of the Ninth Meeting . pp. 65 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Mabbutt , J. A. 1961a . ‘Basal surface’ or ‘weathering front’ . Proceedings of the Geological Society of London , 72 : 357 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• Mabbutt , J. A. 1961b . A stripped land surface in Western Australia . Transactions and Papers of the Institute of British Geographers , 29 : 101 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , W. N. 1966 . The geology and iron deposits of the Hamersley Range area, Western Australia . Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Western Australia , 117
   Google Scholar
• Mainguet , M. 1972 . Le Modelé des Grès , Paris : Institut Geographique National .
   Google Scholar
• Marker , M. E. and Brook , G. A. 1970 . Echo Cave: a tentative Quaternary chronology for the eastern Transvaal . University of Witwatersrand, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies. Occasional Paper , 3
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , R. C. 1976 . Hillslope base depressions in tower karst topography of Belize . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband , 26 : 98 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , R. C. and Ley , R. G. 1985 . Tower Karst morphology in northern Borneo . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie , 29 : 483 – 491 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowran , B. 1979 . The Tertiary of Australia: foraminiferae overview . Marine Micro‐paleontology , 4 : 235 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollier , C. D. 1960 . The inselbergs of Uganda . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie , 4 : 43 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Pannekoek , A. J. 1948 . Enige Karstterreinen in Indonesie . Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genoot‐schap Tijdschrift , 65 : 209 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Panos , V. 1964 . Der Urkarst in Ostflügel der Böhmischen Masse . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie , 8 : 105 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Panos , V. and Stelcl , O. 1968 . Physiographic and geologic control in development of Cuban mogotes . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie , 12 : 117 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Peel , R. F. 1941 . Denudation landforms of the central Libyan Desert . Journal of Geomorphology , 4 : 3 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Peel , R. F. 1966 . The landscape in aridity . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 38 : 1 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Prestwich , J. 1855 . The origin of the sand and gravel pipes on the chalk of the London Tertiary district . Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London , 11 : 64 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Romanes , J. 1912 . Geology of a part of Costa Rica . Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London , 68 : 133 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Sain Fond , B. F. de . 1784 . Travels in England and Scotland in 1784 , Edited by: Geikie , A. 2 vols , Glasgow : Hopkins .
   Google Scholar
• Silar , J. 1965 . Development of tower karst of China and North Vietnam . National Speleological Society Bulletin , 27 : 35 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Sweeting , M. M. 1950 . Erosion cycles and limestone caverns in the Ingleborough district . Geographical Journal , 115 : 63 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeting , M. M. 1958 . The karstlands of Jamaica . Geographical Journal , 124 : 184 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeting , M. M. 1966 . “ The weathering of limestone ” . In Essays in Geomorphology , Edited by: Dury , G. H. 177 – 210 . London : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Sweeting , M. M. 1986 . Limestone Landscapes of South China . Geology Today , 2 : 11 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Tanner , V. 1941 . Outlines of the Geography, Life and Customs of Newfoundland‐Labrador , Helsingfors : Tilgmann .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , M. F. and Thorp , M. B. 1985 . “ Environmental change and episodic etch planation in the humid tropics of Sierra Leone: the Koidu etchplain ” . In Environmental Change and Tropical Geomorphology , Edited by: Douglas , I. and Spencer , T. 239 – 267 . London : Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Tricart , J. 1957 . Mise en point: l'évolution des versants . Information Geographique , 21 : 108 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1956 . Chronology of denudation in northwest Queensland . Geological Society of America Bulletin , 67 : 867 – 882 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1960 . Some problems of slope development . Journal of the Geological Society of Australia , 6 : 131 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1962 . Steepened margins of inselbergs from north‐western Eyre Peninsula, South Australia . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie , 6 : 51 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1967 . Origin of the piedmont angle as evidenced in South Australia . Journal of Geology , 75 : 393 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1973 . On the origin of sheet jointing . Rock Mechanics , 3 : 163 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1976a . “ Geomorphological evolution ” . In Natural History of the Adelaide Region , Edited by: Twidale , C. R. , Tyler , M. J. and Webb , B. P. 43 – 56 . Adelaide : Royal Society of South Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1978a . On the origin of Ayers Rock, central Australia . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband , 31 : 177 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1978b . “ Granite platforms and the pediment problem ” . In Landform Evolution in Australia , Edited by: Davies , J. L. and Williams , M. A. J. 298 – 304 . Canberra : Australian National University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1980a . Origin of bornhardts . Journal of the Geological Society of Australia , 27 : 195 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1980b . The Devil's Marbles, central Australia . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia , 104 : 41 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1980c . Origin of minor sandstone landforms . Erdkunde , 34 : 219 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1981a . Origins and environments of pediments . Journal of the Geological Society of Australia , 28 : 423 – 434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1981b . Granite inselbergs: domed, block‐strewn and castellated . Geographical Journal , 147 : 54 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1982a . The evolution of bornhardts . American Scientist , 70 : 268 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1982b . Granite Landforms , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1982c . Les inselbergs à gradins et leur signification: l'exemple de l'Australie . Annales de Géographie , 91 : 657 – 678 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1983 . Australian laterites: ages and significance . Revue de Géologie Dynamique et de Géographie Physique , 24 : 35 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. 1984 . The enigma of the Tindal Plain . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia , 108 : 95 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. and Bourne , J. A. 1975a . Geomorphological evolution of part of the eastern Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia , 99 : 197 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. and Bourne , J. A. 1975b . Episodic exposure of inselbergs . Geological Society of America Bulletin , 86 : 1473 – 1481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. and Bourne , J. A. 1975c . The subsurface initiation of some minor granite landforms . Journal of the Geological Society of Australia , 22 : 477 – 484 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. and Bourne , J. A. 1976 . Origin and significance of pitting on granite rocks . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie , 20 : 405 – 416 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. and Bourne , J. A. 1978a . Bornhardts developed in sedimentary rocks, central Australia . South African Geographer , 6 : 35 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. and Bourne , J. A. 1978b . A note on cylindrical gnammas or weather pits . Revue de Géomorphologie Dynamique , 26 : 135 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. , Bourne , J. A. and Twidale , N. 1977 . Shore platforms and sealevel changes in the Gulfs region of South Australia . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia , 101 : 63 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. and Campbell , E. M. 1984 . Murphy Haystacks, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia , 108 : 95 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. and Campbell , E. M. 1985 . “ The form of the land surface ” . In Natural History of Eyre Peninsula , Edited by: Twidale , C. R. , Tyler , M. J. and Davies , M. 57 – 76 . Adelaide : Royal Society of South Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. and Corbin , E. M. 1963 . Gnammas . Revue de Géomorphologie Dynamique , 14 : 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. and Harris , W. K. 1977 . The age of Ayers Rock and the Olgas, central Australia . Transactions of the Royal Society of South A ustralia , 101 : 45 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Twidale , C. R. , Horwitz , R. C. and Campbell , E. M. 1985 . Hamersley landscapes of Western Australia . Revue de Géologie Dynamique et de Géographie Physique , 26 : 32 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Van den Broek , E. 1881 . Sur les phénomènes d'altération des depôts superficiels par l'infiltration des eaux meteoriques . Mémoires Couronnés Academie Royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux‐arts de Belgique , 44
   Google Scholar
• Verstappen , H. 1960 . Some observations on karst development in the Malay archipelago . Journal of Tropical Geography , 14 : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Wayland , E. J. 1934 . Peneplains and some erosional landforms . Geological Survey of Uganda. Annual Report and Bulletin , 1 : 77 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilford , G. E. and Wall , J. R. D. 1965 . Karst topography in Sarawak . Journal of Tropical Geography , 21 : 44 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Willis , B. 1936 . “ East African plateaux and rift valleys ” . In Studies in Comparative Seismology , Washington, DC : Carnegie Institute . Publication 470
   Google Scholar
• Wright , R. L. 1963 . Deep weathering and erosion surfaces in the Daly River Basin, Northern Territory . Journal of the Geological Society of Australia , 10 : 151 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Zwittkovits , F. 1966 . Klimabedingte Karstformen in den Alpen, den Dinariden und in Taurus . Österreichische Geographische Gesellschaft , 108 : 72 – 97 .
   Google Scholar