Publication Cover
Australian Journal of Earth Sciences
An International Geoscience Journal of the Geological Society of Australia
Volume 70, 2023 - Issue 3
295
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Segmentation and fault–monocline relationships in the Lapstone Structural Complex, Sydney Basin, New South Wales

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 375-392 | Received 13 Jul 2022, Accepted 10 Nov 2022, Published online: 30 Nov 2022

References

  • Allmendinger, R. W. (1998). Inverse and forward numerical modeling of trishear fault propagation folds. Tectonics, 17(4), 640–656. https://doi.org/10.1029/97TC01171.
  • Bembrick, C. S. (1980). Geology of the Blue Mountains, western Sydney Basin. In C. Herbert & R. Helby (Eds.), A Guide to the Sydney Basin (pp. 134–161). Geological Survey of New South Wales Bulletin.
  • Bembrick, C. S., Herbert, C., Scheibner, E., & Stuntz, J. (1973). Structural subdivision of the New South Wales portion of the Sydney–Bowen Basin. Quarterly Notes Geological Survey of New South Wales, 11, 1–13.
  • Branagan, D. F. (2009). The inner Sydney Basin: Geology, land surface and earthquakes. In D. Clark (Ed.), Potential geologic sources of seismic hazard in the Sydney Basin (pp. 7–12). Geoscience Australia Record 2009/11.
  • Branagan, D. F., & Pedram, H. (1990). The Lapstone Structural Complex, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 37(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099008727902
  • Branagan, D. F., & Pedram, H. (1997). Engineering geology of a sandstone escarpment: the Blue Mountains. Sydney Basin NSW. In G. McNally (Ed.), Collected case studies in engineering geology, hydrogeology and environmental geology, third series (pp. 38–52). Environmental, Engineering and Hydrogeology Specialist Group, Geological Society of Australia and Conference Publications.
  • Braun, J., Burbidge, D. R., Gesto, F. N., Sandiford, M., Gleadow, A. J. W., Kohn, B. P., & Cummins, P. R. (2009). Constraints on the current rate of deformation and surface uplift of the Australian continent from a new seismic database and low-T thermochronological data. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 56(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120090802546977.
  • Bray, A., Hatherly, P., & Fergusson, C. L. (2010). Seismic reflection evidence for the evolution of the Camden Syncline and Lapstone Structural Complex, central Sydney Basin, Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 57(7), 993–1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2010.509406.
  • Brown, A., & Gibson, G. (2004). A multi-tiered earthquake hazard model for Australia. Tectonophysics, 390(1–4), 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.03.019
  • Brown, M. C. (2000). Cenozoic tectonics and landform evolution of the coast and adjacent highlands of southeast New South Wales. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 47(2), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2000.00777.x
  • Bump, A. P. (2003). Reactivation, trishear modeling, and folded basement in Laramide uplifts: Implications for the origins of intracontinental faults. GSA Today, 13(3), 4–10. https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/13/3/pdf/i1052-5173-13-3-4.pdf.
  • Bump, A. P., & Davis, G. H. (2003). Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary Laramide deformation of the northern Colorado Plateau, Utah and Colorado. Journal of Structural Geology, 25(3), 421–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00033-0.
  • Butler, R. W. R., Bond, C. E., Cooper, M. A., & Watkins, H. (2018). Interpreting structural geometry in fold-thrust belts: Why style matters. Journal of Structural Geology, 114, 251–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.06.019
  • Carter, L. (2011). Tectonic control of Cenozoic deposition in the Cumberland Basin, Penrith/Hawkesbury region, New South Wales [Unpublished BSc (Hons) thesis]. University of Wollongong.
  • Clark, D., & Rawson, A. (2009). New field observations pertaining to the age and structure of the northern Lapstone Structural Complex, and implications for seismic hazard. In D. Clark (Ed.), Potential geologic sources of seismic hazard in the Sydney Basin (pp. 31–45). Geoscience Australia Record 2009/11.
  • Conneally, J., Childs, C., & Nicol, A. (2017). Monocline formation during growth of segmented faults in the Taranaki Basin, offshore New Zealand. Tectonophysics, 721, 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.06.036
  • Cooper, G. T. (1992). Early Carboniferous back-arc deformation in the Lachlan Fold Belt, Shoalhaven River-Ettrema Creek area, NSW. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39(4), 529–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099208728044.
  • Crook, K. A. W. (1957). The stratigraphy and petrology of the Narrabeen Group in the Grose River district. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 90(2), 61–79.
  • Dahlstrom, C. D. A. (1969). Balanced cross sections. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 6(4), 743–757. https://doi.org/10.1139/e69-069
  • Danis, C., O'Neill, C., Lackie, M., Twigg, L., & Danis, A. (2011). Deep 3D structure of the Sydney Basin using gravity modelling. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 58(5), 517–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2011.565802
  • David, T. W. E. (1896). Summary of our present knowledge of the structure and origin of the Blue Mountains of New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 30, 33–69.
  • David, T. W. E. (1902). An important geological fault at Kurrajong Heights, New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 36, 359–370.
  • Davis, G. H., & Bump, A. P. (2009). Structural geologic evolution of the Colorado Plateau. In S. M. Kay, V. A. Ramos, & W. R. Dickinson (Eds.), Backbone of the Americas: Shallow Subduction, Plateau Uplift, and Ridge and Terrane Collision (pp. 99–124). Geological Society of America Memoir 204.
  • English, J. M., & Johnston, S. T. (2004). The Laramide Orogeny: What were the driving forces? International Geology Review, 46(9), 833–838. https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.46.9.833
  • Erslev, E. A. (1991). Trishear fault-propagation folding. Geology, 19(6), 617–620. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019%3C0617:TFPF%3E2.3.CO;2
  • Fergusson, C. L. (2009). Review of structure and basement control of the Lapstone Structural Complex, Sydney Basin, Eastern New South Wales. In D. Clark (Ed.), Potential geologic sources of seismic hazard in the Sydney Basin (pp. 13–18). Geoscience Australia Record 2009/11.
  • Fergusson, C. L., Bray, A., & Hatherly, P. J. (2011). Cenozoic development of the Lapstone Structural Complex, Sydney Basin, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 58(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2011.534505
  • Fossen, H., & Rotevatn, A. (2016). Fault linkage and relay structures in extensional settings—a review. Earth-Science Reviews, 154, 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.11.014
  • Gaina, C., Müller, D. R., Royer, J-Y., Stock, J., Hardebeck, J., & Symonds, P. (1998). The tectonic history of the Tasman Sea: A puzzle with 13 pieces. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 103(B6), 12413–12433. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00386
  • Gale, S. J. (2021). Age and origin of the Cumberland (Inner Sydney) Basin of southeast Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 68(3), 299–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2020.1809517.
  • Gawthorpe, R. L., Sharp, I., Underhill, J. R., & Gupta, S. (1997). Linked sequence stratigraphic and structural evolution of propagating normal faults. Geology, 25(9), 795–798. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025%3C0795:LSSASE%3E2.3.CO;2.
  • Gibson, G. (2009). Seismicity of the Sydney Basin region. In D. Clark (Ed.), Potential geologic sources of seismic hazard in the Sydney Basin (pp. 18–46). Geoscience Australia Record 2009/11.
  • Gleadow, A. J. W., Kohn, B. P., Brown, R. W., O'Sullivan, P. B., & Raza, A. (2002). Fission track thermotectonic imaging of the Australian continent. Tectonophysics, 349(1–4), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00043-4
  • Graham, I. T., Hatzopoulos, Z., Sutherland, F. L., Zwingmann, H., Byrnes, J. G., Corkhill, T. (2010). The age, geochemical affinity and significance of the Maroota Basalt, Hawkesbury region, NSW. Proceedings of the 37th Symposium on the Geology of the Sydney Basin (p. 8).
  • Hall, L. D. (1926). The physiography and geography of the Hawkesbury River between Windsor and Wiseman’s Ferry. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 51(4), 555–593.
  • Hardy, S., & McClay, K. (1999). Kinematic modelling of extensional fault-propagation folding. Journal of Structural Geology, 21(7), 695–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00072-3
  • Hatherly, P. J. (2020). Landscape evolution of the Blue Mountains revealed by longitudinal river profiles and Cenozoic basalts and gravels. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 67(2), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2019.1658639
  • Hatherly, P. J., & Brown, I. (2022). The Blue Mountains exploring landscapes shaped by the underlying rocks, uplift and erosion. Windy Cliff Press.
  • Herbert, C. (1989). The Lapstone Monocline—Nepean Fault—a high angle reverse fault system. Advances in the Study of the Sydney Basin, 23rd Symposium, (pp. 179–186). Department of Geology, University of Newcastle.
  • Jones, D. C., & Clark, N. R. eds. (1991). Geology of the Penrith 1:100,000 sheet 9030. New South Wales Geological Survey.
  • Manighetti, I., Caulet, C., Barros, L. D., Perrin, C., Cappa, F., & Gaudemer, Y. (2015). Generic along-strike segmentation of Afar normal faults, East Africa: Implications on fault growth and stress heterogeneity on seismogenic fault planes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 16(2), 443–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005691
  • Mansfield, C., & Cartwright, J. (2001). Fault growth by linkage: observations and implications from analogue models. Journal of Structural Geology, 23(5), 745–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00134-6.
  • McPherson, A., Clark, D., MacPhail, M., & Cupper, M. (2014). Episodic post-rift deformation in the south-eastern Australian passive margin, evidence from the Lapstone Structural Complex. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39, 1449–1466. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3535
  • Nanson, G. C., Cohen, T. J., Doyle, C. J., & Price, D. M. (2008). Alluvial evidence of major Late-Quaternary climate and flow-regime changes on the coastal rivers of New South Wales, Australia. In K. J. Gregory & G. Benito (Eds.), Palaeohydrology: Understanding global climate change (pp. 233–258). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • NSW Department of Mines (1963). DM Wollongong. NSW Department of Mines Geological Survey of NSW Report R00056014. https://search.geoscience.nsw.gov.au/report/R00056014
  • Ollier, C. D., & Pain, C. F. (1994). Landscape evolution and tectonics in southeastern Australia. AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 15(3), 335–345.
  • Pickett, J. W., & Bishop, P. (1992). Aspects of landscape evolution in the Lapstone Monocline area, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099208727997
  • Pieters, P. E., Hakim, A. S., & Atmawinata, S. (1985). Geological data record Ransiki, Irian Jaya (2914–3014) Scale 1:250 000. Geological Survey of Indonesia, Geological Development and Research Centre, Irian Jaya Geological Mapping Project, Indonesia and BMR Australia.
  • Pizzi, A., Di Domenica, A., Gallovič, F., Luzi, L., & Puglia, R. (2017). Fault segmentation as constraint to the occurrence of the main shocks of the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence. Tectonics, 36(11), 2370–2387. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004652
  • Rawson, A., & Clark, D. (2009). Geomorphological evidence for neotectonic activity on the northern Lapstone Structural Complex. In D. Clark (Ed.), Potential geologic sources of seismic hazard in the Sydney Basin (pp. 19–30). Geoscience Australia Record 2009/11.
  • Reston, T., & Manatschal, G. (2011). Chapter 1 rifted margins: Building blocks of later collision. In D. Brown & P. D. Ryan (Eds.), Arc–continent collision (pp. 3–21). Frontiers in Earth Sciences, Springer-Verlag.
  • Ryan, W. B. F., Carbotte, S. M., Coplan, J., O'Hara, S., Melkonian, A., Arko, R., Weissel, R. A., Ferrini, V., Goodwillie, A., Nitsche, F., Bonczkowski, J., & Zemsky, R. (2009). Global multi-resolution topography (GMRT) synthesis data set. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 10, Q03014. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002332.
  • Saputra, S. E. A. (2021). Cenozoic deformation and tectonics of eastern Bird’s Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia [unpublished PhD thesis]. University of Wollongong.
  • Stunz, J., Perry, R. G., & Webb, E. A. (1962). Well completion report Kurrajong Heights No. 1 New South Wales (Exoil, N. L.). Australian Oil and Gas Corporation Ltd.
  • van der Beek, P., Pulford, A., & Braun, J. (2001). Cenozoic landscape development in the Blue Mountains (SE Australia): Lithological and tectonic controls on rifted margin morphology. The Journal of Geology, 109(1), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1086/317963
  • Vernon, R. H. (2021). Ferruginous banding in Sydney sandstone. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 68(4), 498–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2020.1819876
  • Withjack, M. O., Olson, J., & Peterson, E. (1990). Experimental models of extensional forced folds1. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 74(7), 1038–1054. https://doi.org/10.1306/0C9B23FD-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.