Ocular syphilis

References

• Harper KN, Zuckerman MK, Harper ML, et al. The origin and antiquity of syphilis revisited: an appraisal of Old World pre-Columbian evidence for treponemal infection. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2011;146(Suppl 53):99–133.
   Google Scholar
• Koch CC., Kurtz J I. Editorial: ocular manifestations of syphilis. Am J Optometry. 1928;5:84–89.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2003. Atlanta (GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2004 September. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2018. Atlanta (GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Well J, Wood C, Sukthankar A, et al. Ocular syphilis: the re-establishment of an old disease. Eye. 2018;32:99–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen ZQ, Zhang GC, Gong XD, et al. Syphilis in China: results of a national surveillance programme. Lancet. 2007;369:132–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver SE, Cope AB, Rinsky JL, et al. Increase in ocular syphilis in North Carolina 2014-2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:1676–1682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd SE, Grey JA, Torrone EA, et al. Increased methamphetamine, injection drug, and heroin use among women and heterosexual men with primary and secondary syphilis — United States, 2013–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:144–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA. The modern epidemic of syphilis. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:845–854.
   Google Scholar
• Kiss S, Damico FM, Young LH. Ocular manifestations and treatment of syphilis. Semin Ophthalmol. 2005;20:161–167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lukehart SA. Biology of treponemes. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Stamm WE, editors. Sexually transmitted diseases. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008. p. 647–659.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson J, Mindel A, Tovey SJ, et al. Primary and secondary syphilis, 20 years’ experience. 3: diagnosis, treatment and follow up. Genitourin Med. 1989;65:239–243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(RR–03):1–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver SE, Aubin M, Atwell L, et al. Ocular syphilis—eight jurisdictions, United States, 2014-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:1185–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh AE. Ocular and neurosyphilis: epidemiology and approach to management. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2020;33:66–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelmus KR, Lukehurt SA. Syphilis. In: Pepose JS, Holland GN, Wilhemus KR, editors. Ocular infection and immunity. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Co; 1996. p. 1437–1466.
   Google Scholar
• Tsan GL, Amin P, Sullivan-Mee M. Nongranulomatous uveitis as the first manifestation of syphilis. Optom Vis Sci. 2016;93:647–665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JL. Ocular syphilis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2014;25:513–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease (STDs). Clinical Advisory: Ocular Syphilis in the United States; 2016 March 24. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/clinicaladvisoryos2015.htm
   Google Scholar
• Oliver GF, Stathis RM, Furtado JM, et al. Current ophthalmology practice patterns for syphilitic uveitis. Brit J Ophthalmol. 2019;103:1645–1649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gass JD, Braunstein RA, Chenoweth RG. Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis. Ophthalmol. 1990;97:1288–1297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eandi CM, Neri P, Adelman RA, et al. Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis: report of a case series and comprehensive review of the literature. Retina. 2012;32:1915–1941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knecht PB, Papadia M, Herbort CP. Secondary choriocapillaritis in infectious chorioretinitis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91:e550–e555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichi F, Ciardella AP, Cunningham ET Jr, et al. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in patients with acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2014;34:373–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoor TC, Wynn P, Hartel WC, et al. Ocular syphilis. Acute and chronic. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1983;3:197–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuddenham S, Ghanem KG. Ocular syphilis: opportunities to address important unanswered questions. Sex Transm Infect. 2016;92:563–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guendry J, Bodaghi B, LeHoang P. Infectious posterior uveitis: syphilis. In: Garg SJ, editor. Color atlas & synopsis of clinical ophthalmology, Wills eye institute: uveitis. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. p. 181–183.
   Google Scholar
• Fathilah J, Choo MM. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in ocular syphilis. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58:437–439.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Tantalo LC, et al. Normalization of serum rapid plasma reagin titer predicts normalization of cerebrospinal fluid and clinical abnormalities after treatment of neurosyphilis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:893–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao Y, Tong M-L, Lin L-R., et al. Serological response predicts normalization of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities at six months after treatment in HIV-negative neurosyphilis patients. Sci Rep. 2017;7:9911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollemeijer JG, Wieringa WG, Tom OAR, et al. Clinical manifestations and outcome of syphilitic uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57:404–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar