Impaired brachial flow-mediated dilation may predict choroidal and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness changes in people with obesity

References

• Cheung N, Wong TY. Obesity and eye diseases. Surv Ophthalmol 2007; 52: 180–195. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.12.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widlansky ME, Gokce N, Keaney JF Jr et al. The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 1149–1160. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00994-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virdis A, Neves MF, Duranti E et al. Microvascular endothelial dysfunction in obesity and hypertension. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19: 2382–2389. doi:10.2174/1381612811319130006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboyans V, Criqui MH, Abraham P et al. Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 2012; 126: 2890–2909. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318276fbcb.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raitakari OT, Celermajer DS. Testing for endothelial dysfunction. Ann Med 2000; 32: 293–304. doi:10.3109/07853890008995931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ et al. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the international brachial artery reactivity task force. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 257–265. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01746-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öner R, Karadağ AS. Evaluation of choroidal perfusion changes in obese patients: ocular effects of insulin resistance. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2018; 81: 461–465. doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20180088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz I, Ozkaya A, Kocamaz M et al. Correlation of choroidal thickness and body mass index. Retina 2015; 35: 2085–2090. doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000000582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teberik K, Eski MT, Doğan S et al. Ocular abnormalities in morbid obesity. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2019; 82: 6–11. doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20190007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogan B, Kazim Erol M, Dogan U et al. The retinal nerve fiber layer, choroidal thickness, and central macular thickness in morbid obesity: an evaluation using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2016; 20: 886–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uslu Dogan C, Culha D. Subfoveal choroidal thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in young obese males. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 31: 3190–3195. doi:10.1177/1120672120982899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazar L, Oyur G, Yılmaz GC et al. Relationship of obesity and related disorders with ocular parameters in children and adolescent. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46: 1393–1397. doi:10.1080/02713683.2021.1884727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iantorno M, Campia U, Di Daniele N et al. Gut hormones and endothelial dysfunction in patients with obesity and diabetes. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014; 27: 433–436. doi:10.1177/039463201402700314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP et al. Optical coherence tomography. Sci 1991; 254: 1178–1181. doi:10.1126/science.1957169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deanfield J, Donald A, Ferri C et al. Endothelial function and dysfunction. Part I: methodological issues for assessment in the different vascular beds: a statement by the working group on endothelin and endothelial factors of the European society of hypertension. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 7–17. doi:10.1097/00004872-200501000-00004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ et al. British hypertension society guidelines for hypertension management 2004 (BHS-IV): summary. BMJ 2004; 328: 634–640. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7440.634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhasin N, Scott DJ. Ankle Brachial Pressure Index: identifying cardiovascular risk and improving diagnostic accuracy. J R Soc Med 2007; 100: 4–5. doi:10.1177/014107680710000103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford F, Welch K, Andras A et al. Ankle brachial index for the diagnosis of lower limb peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 9: Cd010680. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010680.pub2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lerman A, Burnett JC Jr. Intact and altered endothelium in regulation of vasomotion. Circulation 1992; 86: . Iii12–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadi HA, Carr CS, Al Suwaidi J. Endothelial dysfunction: cardiovascular risk factors, therapy, and outcome. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2005; 1: 183–198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Codoñer-Franch P, Tavárez-Alonso S, Murria-Estal R et al. Nitric oxide production is increased in severely obese children and related to markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2011; 215: 475–480. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.12.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki S, Higashi Y, Nakagawa K et al. A low-calorie diet improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in obese patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15: 302–309. doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(01)02322-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewster S, Floras J, Zinman B et al. Endothelial function in women with and without a history of glucose intolerance in pregnancy. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013: 382670. doi:10.1155/2013/382670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams IL, Chowienczyk PJ, Wheatcroft SB et al. Endothelial function and weight loss in obese humans. Obes Surg 2005; 15: 1055–1060. doi:10.1381/0960892054621134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong RH, Berry NM, Coates AM et al. Chronic resveratrol consumption improves brachial flow-mediated dilatation in healthy obese adults. J Hypertens 2013; 31: 1819–1827. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328362b9d6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haefliger IO, Flammer J, Lüscher TF. Nitric oxide and endothelin-1 are important regulators of human ophthalmic artery. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 1992; 33: 2340–2343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luksch A, Polak K, Beier C et al. Effects of systemic NO synthase inhibition on choroidal and optic nerve head blood flow in healthy subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2000; 41: 3080–3084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmetterer L, Müller M, Fasching P et al. Renal and ocular hemodynamic effects of insulin. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1868–1874. doi:10.2337/diab.46.11.1868.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kur J, Newman EA, Chan-Ling T. Cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying blood flow regulation in the retina and choroid in health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31: 377–406. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khawaja AP, Chan MP, Garway-Heath DF et al. Associations with retinal nerve fiber layer measures in the EPIC-Norfolk eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2013; 54: 5028–5034. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-11971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laiginhas R, Guimarães M, Cardoso P et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness decrease in obesity as a marker of neurodegeneration. Obes Surg 2019; 29: 2174–2179. doi:10.1007/s11695-019-03806-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karti O, Nalbantoglu O, Abali S et al. The assessment of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and macular ganglion cell layer changes in obese children: A cross-sectional study using optical coherence tomography. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 37: 1031–1038. doi:10.1007/s10792-016-0371-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang W, Wang W, Zhou M et al. Peripapillary choroidal thickness in healthy Chinese subjects. BMC Ophthalmol 2013; 13: 23. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-13-23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe H, Ito Y, Terasaki H. Choroid is thinner in inferior region of optic disks of normal eyes. Retina 2012; 32: 134–139. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318217ff87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiatt WR, Wood AJJ. Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1608–1621. doi:10.1056/nejm200105243442108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattanakit K, Folsom AR, Duprez DA et al. Clinical significance of a high ankle-brachial index: Insights from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Atherosclerosis 2007; 190: 459–464. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Li XY, Si YJ et al. Manifestation of lower extremity atherosclerosis in diabetic patients with high ankle-brachial index. Chin Med J 2010; 123: 890–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González AS, Kostine A, Gómez-Flores JR et al. Non-invasive assessment of endothelial function. Intra and inter-observer variability. Arch Cardiol Mex 2006; 76: 397–400.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donald AE, Halcox JP, Charakida M et al. Methodological approaches to optimize reproducibility and power in clinical studies of flow-mediated dilation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 1959–1964. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.02.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copete S, Flores-Moreno I, Montero JA et al. Direct comparison of spectral-domain and swept-source OCT in the measurement of choroidal thickness in normal eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98: 334–338. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar