Veterinary Applications for Monitoring Mononuclear Cell Proliferation Using Cell Tracking Dyes

REFERENCES

• Ahmed R., Gray D. Immunological memory and protective immunity: understanding their relation. Science 1996; 272: 54–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allsopp C. E., Nicholls S. J., Langhorne J. A flow cytometric method to assess antigen-specific proliferative responses of different subpopulations of fresh and cryopreserved human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Immunol. Meth. 1998; 214: 175–186
   Google Scholar
• Ashley D. M., Bol S. J., Waugh C., Kannourakis G. A novel approach to the measurement of different in vitro leukaemic cell growth parameters: the use of PKH GL fluorescent probes. Leuk. Res. 1993; 17: 873–882
   Google Scholar
• Bembridge G. P., MacHugh N. D., McKeever D., Awino E., Sopp P., Collins R. A., Gelder K. I., Howard C. J. CD45RO expression on bovine T cells: relation to biological function. Immunology 1995; 86: 537–544
   Google Scholar
• Bercovici N., Givan A. L., Waugh M. G., Fisher J. L., Vernel-Pauillac F., Ernstoff M. S., Abastado J. P., Wallace P. K. Multiparameter precursor analysis of T-cell responses to antigen. J. Immunol. Meth. 2003; 276: 5–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumerman S. L., Herzig C. T., Baldwin C. L. WC1(+) γδ T cell memory population is induced by killed bacterial vaccine. Eur. J. Immunol. 2007; 37: 1204–1216
   Google Scholar
• Boonstra A., Barrat F. J., Crain C., Heath V. L., Savelkoul H. F., O'Garra A. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J. Immunol. 2001; 167: 4974–4980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutonnat J., Faussat A. M., Marie J. P., Bignon J., Wdzieczak-Bakala J., Barbier M., Thierry J., Ronot X., Colle P. E. Usefulness of PKH fluorescent labelling to study leukemic cell proliferation with various cytostatic drugs or acetyl tetrapeptide—AcSDKP. BMC Cancer 2005; 5: 120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulach D. M., Zuerner R. L., Wilson P., Seemann T., McGrath A., Cullen P. A., Davis J., Johnson M., Kuczek E., Alt D. P., Peterson-Burch B., Coppel R. L., Rood J. I., Davies J. K., Adler B. Genome reduction in Leptospira borgpetersenii reflects limited transmission potential. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006; 103: 14560–14565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadranel J., Garabedian M., Milleron B., Guillozo H., Akoun G., Hance A. J. 1,25(OH)2D2 production by T lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages recovered by lavage from normocalcemic patients with tuberculosis. J. Clin. Invest. 1990; 85: 1588–1593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder C. J., Liversidge J., Dick A. D. Murine respiratory tract dendritic cells: isolation, phenotyping and functional studies. J Immunol Methods 2004; 287: 67–77
   Google Scholar
• Camp R. L., Scheynius A., Johansson C., Pure E. CD44 is necessary for optimal contact allergic responses but is not required for normal leukocyte extravasation. J. Exp. Med. 1993; 178: 497–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantorna M. T., Mahon B. D. D-hormone and the immune system. J. Rheumatol. Suppl. 2005; 76: 11–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chackerian A. A., Perera T. V., Behar S. M. Gamma interferon-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes in the lung correlate with resistance to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 2001; 69: 2666–2674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao C. C., Sandor M., Dailey M. O. Expression and regulation of adhesion molecules by γδ T cells from lymphoid tissues and intestinal epithelium. Eur. J. Immunol. 1994; 24: 3180–3187
   Google Scholar
• Chen D., McKallip R. J., Zeytun A., Do Y., Lombard C., Robertson J. L., Mak T. W., Nagarkatti P. S., Nagarkatti M. CD44-deficient mice exhibit enhanced hepatitis after concanavalin A injection: evidence for involvement of CD44 in activation-induced cell death. J. Immunol. 2001; 166: 5889–5897
   Google Scholar
• Chen J. C., Chang M. L., Muench M. O. A kinetic study of the murine mixed lymphocyte reaction by 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester labeling. J. Immunol. Meth. 2003; 279: 123–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochand L., Isler P., Songeon F., Nicod L. P. Human lung dendritic cells have an immature phenotype with efficient mannose receptors. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1999; 21: 547–554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins R. A., Sopp P., Gelder K. I., Morrison W. I., Howard C. J. Bovine γ/δ TcR+ T lymphocytes are stimulated to proliferate by autologous Theileria annulata-infected cells in the presence of interleukin-2. Scand. J. Immunol. 1996; 44: 444–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook W. E., Williams E. S., Thorne E. T., Kreeger T. J., Stout G., Bardsley K., Edwards H., Schurig G., Colby L. A., Enright F., Elzer P. H. Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccination in elk. I. Efficacy of reduced dosage. J. Wildl. Dis. 2002; 38: 18–26
   Google Scholar
• Cross M. L., Chinn N. D., Griffin J. F., Buchan G. S. T cell responses to Mycobacterium bovis in red deer, a large animal model for tuberculosis. Immunol. Cell Biol. 7 1996; 4: 32–37
   Google Scholar
• D'Ambrosio D., Cippitelli M., Cocciolo M.G., Mazzeo D., Di Lucia P., Lang R., Sinigaglia F., Panina-Bordignon P. Inhibition of IL-12 production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Involvement of NF-kappaB downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101: 252–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dailey M. O. Expression of T lymphocyte adhesion molecules: regulation during antigen-induced T cell activation and differentiation. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 1998; 18: 153–184
   Google Scholar
• Dangl J. L., Parks D. R., Oi V. T., Herzenberg L. A. Rapid isolation of cloned isotype switch variants using fluorescence activated cell sorting. Cytometry 1982; 2: 395–401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Vries H. E., Hendriks J. J., Honing H., De Lavalette C. R., van der Pol S. M., Hooijberg E., Dijkstra C. D., van den Berg T. K. Signal-regulatory protein α-CD47 interactions are required for the transmigration of monocytes across cerebral endothelium. J. Immunol. 2002; 168: 5832–5839
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorn A. D., Waters W. R., Byers V. M., Pesch B. A., Wannemuehler M. J. Characterization of mitogen-stimulated porcine lymphocytes using a stable fluorescent dye (PKH2) and multicolor flow cytometry. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2002; 87: 1–10
   Google Scholar
• Elzer P. H., Enright F. M., Colby L., Hagius S. D., Walker J. V., Fatemi M. B., Kopec J. D., Beal V. C., Jr., Schurig G. G. Protection against infection and abortion induced by virulent challenge exposure after oral vaccination of cattle with Brucella abortus strain RB51. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1998; 59: 1575–1578
   Google Scholar
• Fach S. J., Brockmeier S. L., Hobbs L. A., Lehmkuhl H. D., Sacco R. E. Pulmonary dendritic cells isolated from neonatal and adult ovine lung tissue. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2006; 112: 171–182
   Google Scholar
• Feng C. G., Bean A. G., Hooi H., Briscoe H., Britton W. J. Increase in gamma interferon-secreting CD8(+), as well as CD4(+), T cells in lungs following aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 1999; 67: 3242–3247
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foote M. R., Nonnecke B. J., Fowler M. A., Miller B. L., Beitz D. C., Waters W. R. Effects of age and nutrition on expression of CD25, CD44, and L-selectin (CD62L) on T-cells from neonatal calves. J. Dairy Sci. 2005; 88: 2718–2729
   Google Scholar
• Fujii K., Fujii Y., Hubscher S., Tanaka Y. CD44 is the physiological trigger of Fas up-regulation on rheumatoid synovial cells. J. Immunol. 2001; 167: 1198–1203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Givan A. L., Fisher J. L., Waugh M. G., Bercovici N., Wallace P. K. Use of cell-tracking dyes to determine proliferation precursor frequencies of antigen-specific T cells. Meth. Mol. Biol. 2004; 263: 109–124
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Givan A. L., Fisher J. L., Waugh M., Ernstoff M. S., Wallace P. K. A flow cytometric method to estimate the precursor frequencies of cells proliferating in response to specific antigens. J. Immunol. Meth. 1999; 230: 99–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin J. F., Mackintosh C. G., Slobbe L., Thomson A. J., Buchan G. S. Vaccine protocols to optimise the protective efficacy of BCG. Tuber Lung Dis. 1999; 79: 135–143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gudmundsdottir H., Wells A. D., Turka L. A. Dynamics and requirements of T cell clonal expansion in vivo at the single-cell level: effector function is linked to proliferative capacity. J. Immunol. 1999; 162: 5212–5223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamann A., Jablonski-Westrich D., Scholz K. U., Duijvestijn A., Butcher E. C., Thiele H. G. Regulation of lymphocyte homing. I. Alterations in homing receptor expression and organ-specific high endothelial venule binding of lymphocytes upon activation. J. Immunol. 1988; 140: 737–743
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han X., Sterling H., Chen Y., Saginario C., Brown E. J., Frazier W. A., Lindberg F. P., Vignery A. CD47, a ligand for the macrophage fusion receptor, participates in macrophage multinucleation. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 37984–37992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horan P. K., Melnicoff M. J., Jensen B. D., Slezak S. E. Fluorescent cell labeling for in vivo and in vitro cell tracking. Meth. Cell Biol. 1990; 33: 469–490
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Irie H. Y., Mong M. S., Itano A., Crooks M. E., Littman D. R., Burakoff S. J., Robey E. The cytoplasmic domain of CD8 beta regulates Lck kinase activation and CD8 T cell development. J. Immunol. 1998; 161: 183–191
   Google Scholar
• Ishii T., Ohnuma K., Murakami A., Takasawa N., Kobayashi S., Dang N. H., Schlossman S. F., Morimoto C. CD26-mediated signaling for T cell activation occurs in lipid rafts through its association with CD45RO. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001; 98: 12138–12143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janis E. M., Kaufmann S. H., Schwartz R. H., Pardoll D. M. Activation of γδ T cells in the primary immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 1989; 244: 713–716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannisson A., Thuvander A., Gadhasson I.L. Activation markers and cell proliferation as indicators of toxicity: a flow cytometric approach. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 1995; 11: 355–366
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jung T. M., Gallatin W. M., Weissman I. L., Dailey M. O. Down-regulation of homing receptors after T cell activation. J. Immunol. 1988; 141: 4110–4117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konno A., Okada K., Mizuno K., Nishida M., Nagaoki S., Toma T., Uehara T., Ohta K., Kasahara Y., Seki H., Yachie A., Koizumi S. CD8α αmemory effector T cells descend directly from clonally expanded CD8α +β high TCRα β T cells in vivo. Blood 2002; 100: 4090–4097
   Google Scholar
• Koo H. C., Park Y. H., Hamilton M. J., Barrington G. M., Davies C. J., Kim J. B., Dahl J. L., Waters W. R., Davis W. C. Analysis of the immune response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in experimentally infected calves. Infect. Immun. 2004; 72: 6870–6883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreeger T. J., Cook W. E., Edwards W. H., Elzer P. H., Olsen S. C. Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccination in elk. II. Failure of high dosage to prevent abortion. J. Wildl. Dis. 2002; 38: 27–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kruse M., Rosorius O., Kratzer F., Stelz G., Kuhnt C., Schuler G., Hauber J., Steinkasserer A. Mature dendritic cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 exhibit inhibited T-cell stimulatory capacity. J. Virol. 2000; 74: 7127–7136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J., Choi K., Olin M. R., Cho S. N., Molitor T. W. γδ T cells in immunity induced by Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination. Infect. Immun. 2004; 72: 1504–1511
   Google Scholar
• Liu P. T., Stenger S., Li H., Wenzel L., Tan B. H., Krutzik S. R., Ochoa M. T., Schauber J., Wu K., Meinken C., Kamen D. L., Wagner M., Bals R., Steinmeyer A., Zugel U., Gallo R. L., Eisenberg D., Hewison M., Hollis B. W., Adams J. S., Bloom B. R., Modlin R. L. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 2006; 311: 1770–1773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y., Buhring H. J., Zen K., Burst S. L., Schnell F. J., Williams I. R., Parkos C. A. Signal regulatory protein (SIRPα), a cellular ligand for CD47, regulates neutrophil transmigration. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 10028–10036
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loving C. L., Brockmeier S. L., Sacco R. E. Differential type I interferon activation and susceptibility of dendritic cell populations to porcine arterivirus. Immunology 2007; 120: 217–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons A. B., Parish C. R. Determination of lymphocyte division by flow cytometry. J. Immunol. Meth. 1994; 171: 131–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maue A. C., Waters W. R., Davis W. C., Palmer M. V., Minion F. C., Estes D. M. Analysis of immune responses directed toward a recombinant early secretory antigenic target six-kilodalton protein-culture filtrate protein 10 fusion protein in Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. Infect. Immun. 2005; 73: 6659–6667
   Google Scholar
• Morimoto C., Schlossman S. F. The structure and function of CD26 in the T-cell immune response. Immunol. Rev. 1998; 161: 55–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muirhead K. A., Kloszewski E. D., Antell L. A., Griswold D. E. Identification of live cells for flow cytometric analysis of lymphoid subset proliferation in low viability populations. J. Immunol. Meth. 1985; 77: 77–86
   Google Scholar
• Naiman B. M., Alt D., Bolin C. A., Zuerner R., Baldwin C. L. Protective killed Leptospira borgpetersenii vaccine induces potent Th1 immunity comprising responses by CD4 and γδ T lymphocytes. Infect. Immun. 2001; 69: 7550–7558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naiman B. M., Blumerman S., Alt D., Bolin C. A., Brown R., Zuerner R., Baldwin C.L. Evaluation of type 1 immune response in naive and vaccinated animals following challenge with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo: involvement of WC1(+) γδ and CD4 T cells. Infect. Immun. 2002; 70: 6147–6157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng K. H., Aldwell F. E., Wedlock D. N., Watson J. D., Buddle B. M. Antigen-induced interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 responses of cattle inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1997; 57: 59–68
   Google Scholar
• Nonnecke B. J., Franklin S. T., Reinhardt T. A., Horst R. L. In vitro modulation of proliferation and phenotype of resting and mitogen-stimulated bovine mononuclear leukocytes by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1993; 38: 75–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonnecke B. J., Waters W. R., Foote M. R., Palmer M. V., Miller B. L., Johnson T. E., Perry H. B., Fowler M. A. Development of an adult-like cell-mediated immune response in calves after early vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J. Dairy Sci. 2005; 88: 195–210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norment A. M., Littman D. R. A second subunit of CD8 is expressed in human T cells. Embo. J. 1988; 7: 3433–3439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldenborg P. A., Gresham H. D., Lindberg F. P. CD47-signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) regulates Fcgamma and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis. J. Exp. Med. 2001; 193: 855–862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen S. C. Responses of adult cattle to vaccination with a reduced dose of Brucella abortus strain RB51. Res. Vet. Sci. 2000; 69: 135–140
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olsen S. C., Fach S. J., Palmer M. V., Sacco R. E., Stoffregen W. C., Waters W. R. Immune responses of elk to initial and booster vaccinations with Brucella abortus strain RB51 or 19. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2006; 13: 1098–1103
   Google Scholar
• Olsen S. C., Jensen A. E., Stoffregen W. C., Palmer M. V. Efficacy of calfhood vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51 in protecting bison against brucellosis. Res. Vet. Sci. 2003; 74: 17–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palmer H. G., Gonzalez-Sancho J. M., Espada J., Berciano M. T., Puig I., Baulida J., Quintanilla M., Cano A., de Herreros A. G., Lafarga M., Munoz A. Vitamin D(3) promotes the differentiation of colon carcinoma cells by the induction of E-cadherin and the inhibition of beta-catenin signaling. J. Cell Biol. 2001; 154: 369–387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer M. V., Waters W. R., Thacker T. C., Stoffregen W. C., Thomsen B. V. Experimentally induced infection of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) with Mycobacterium bovis. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2006; 18: 52–60
   Google Scholar
• Penna G., Adorini L. 1 α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. J. Immunol. 2000; 164: 2405–2411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pescovitz M. D., Sakopoulos A. G., Gaddy J. A., Husmann R. J., Zuckermann F. A. Porcine peripheral blood CD4+/CD8+ dual expressing T-cells. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1994; 43: 53–62
   Google Scholar
• Piemonti L., Monti P., Sironi M., Fraticelli P., Leone B. E., Dal Cin E., Allavena P., Di Carlo V. Vitamin D3 affects differentiation, maturation, and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 2000; 164: 4443–4451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popma S. H., Krasinskas A. M., McLean A. D., Szeto W. Y., Kreisel D., Moore J. S., Rosengard B. R. Immune monitoring in xenotransplantation: the multiparameter flow cytometric mixed lymphocyte culture assay. Cytometry 2000; 42: 277–283
   Google Scholar
• Quade M. J., Roth J. A. Dual-color flow cytometric analysis of phenotype, activation marker expression, and proliferation of mitogen-stimulated bovine lymphocyte subsets. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1999; 67: 33–45
   Google Scholar
• Raizman E. A., Wells S. J., Jordan P. A., DelGiudice G. D., Bey R. R. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from free-ranging deer and rabbits surrounding Minnesota dairy herds. Can. J. Vet. Res. 2005; 69: 32–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhold M. I., Lindberg F. P., Kersh G. J., Allen P. M., Brown E. J. Costimulation of T cell activation by integrin-associated protein (CD47) is an adhesion-dependent, CD28-independent signaling pathway. J. Exp. Med. 1997; 185: 1–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rhodes S. G., Terry L. A., Hope J., Hewinson R. G., Vordermeier H. M. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and development of tuberculosis in cattle. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2003; 10: 1129–1135
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rigby W. F. The immunobiology of vitamin D. Immunol. Today 1988; 9: 54–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rook G. A., Steele J., Fraher L., Barker S., Karmali R., O'Riordan J., Stanford J. Vitamin D3, gamma interferon, and control of proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human monocytes. Immunology 1986; 57: 159–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacco R. E., Jensen R. J., Thoen C. O., Sandor M., Weinstock J., Lynch R. G., Dailey M.O. Cytokine secretion and adhesion molecule expression by granuloma T lymphocytes in Mycobacterium avium infection. Am. J. Pathol. 1996; 148: 1935–1948
   Google Scholar
• Sathiyaseelan T., Baldwin C. L. Evaluation of cell replication by bovine T cells in polyclonally activated cultures using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) loading and flow cytometric analysis. Res. Vet. Sci. 2000; 69: 275–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid I., Hausner M. A., Cole S. W., Uittenbogaart C. H., Giorgi J. V., Jamieson B. D. Simultaneous flow cytometric measurement of viability and lymphocyte subset proliferation. J. Immunol. Meth. 2001; 247: 175–186
   Google Scholar
• Schmid I., Krall W. J., Uittenbogaart C. H., Braun J., Giorgi J. V. Dead cell discrimination with 7-amino-actinomycin D in combination with dual color immunofluorescence in single laser flow cytometry. Cytometry 1992; 13: 204–208
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmitt S. M., Fitzgerald S. D., Cooley T. M., Bruning-Fann C. S., Sullivan L., Berry D., Carlson T., Minnis R. B., Payeur J. B., Sikarskie J. Bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging white-tailed deer from Michigan. J. Wildl. Dis. 1997; 33: 749–758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serbina N. V., Flynn J. L. CD8(+) T cells participate in the memory immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 2001; 69: 4320–4328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shigenaga T., Dannenberg A. M., Lowrie D. B., Said W., Urist M. J., Abbey H., Schofield B. H., Mounts P., Sugisaki K. Immune responses in tuberculosis: antibodies and CD4-CD8 lymphocytes with vascular adhesion molecules and cytokines (chemokines) cause a rapid antigen-specific cell infiltration at sites of bacillus Calmette-Guerin reinfection. Immunology 2001; 102: 466–479
   Google Scholar
• Sigmundsdottir H., Pan J., Debes G. F., Alt C., Habtezion A., Soler D., Butcher E.C. DCs metabolize sunlight-induced vitamin D3 to ‘program’ T cell attraction to the epidermal chemokine CCL27. Nat. Immunol. 2007; 8: 285–293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth A. J., Welsh M. D., Girvin R. M., Pollock J. M. In vitro responsiveness of γδ T cells from Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle to mycobacterial antigens: predominant involvement of WC1(+) cells. Infect. Immun. 2001; 69: 89–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y., Morita C. T., Tanaka Y., Nieves E., Brenner M. B., Bloom B. R. Natural and synthetic non-peptide antigens recognized by human γδ T cells. Nature 1995; 375: 155–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignery A. Osteoclasts and giant cells: macrophage-macrophage fusion mechanism. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 2000; 81: 291–304
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wahid R., Cannon M. J., Chow M. Dendritic cells and macrophages are productively infected by poliovirus. J. Virol. 2005; 79: 401–409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters W. R., Harkins K. R., Wannemuehler M. J. Five-color flow cytometric analysis of swine lymphocytes for detection of proliferation, apoptosis, viability, and phenotype. Cytometry 2002a; 48: 146–152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waters W. R., Hontecillas R., Sacco R. E., Zuckermann F. A., Harkins K. R., Bassaganya-Riera J., Wannemuehler M. J. Antigen-specific proliferation of porcine CD8αα cells to an extracellular bacterial pathogen. Immunology 2000a; 101: 333–341
   Google Scholar
• Waters W. R., Nonnecke B. J., Foote M. R., Maue A. C., Rahner T. E., Palmer M. V., Whipple D. L., Horst R. L., Estes D. M. Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination of cattle: activation of bovine CD4+ and γ δ TCR+ cells and modulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2003a; 83: 287–297
   Google Scholar
• Waters W. R., Nonnecke B. J., Palmer M. V., Robbe-Austermann S., Bannantine J. P., Stabel J. R., Whipple D. L., Payeur J. B., Estes D. M., Pitzer J. E., Minion F. C. Use of recombinant ESAT-6:CFP-10 fusion protein for differentiation of infections of cattle by Mycobacterium bovis and by M. avium subsp. avium and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol. 2004a; 11: 729–735
   Google Scholar
• Waters W. R., Nonnecke B. J., Rahner T. E., Palmer M. V., Whipple D. L., Horst R. L. Modulation of Mycobacterium bovis-specific responses of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2001; 8: 1204–1212
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waters W. R., Palmer M. V., Olsen S. C., Sacco R. E., Whipple D. L. Immune responses of elk to Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccination. Vaccine 2003b; 21: 1518–1526
   Google Scholar
• Waters W. R., Palmer M. V., Pesch B. A., Olsen S. C., Wannemuehler M. J., Whipple D. L. Lymphocyte subset proliferative responses of Mycobacterium bovis- infected cattle to purified protein derivative. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2000b; 77: 257–273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waters W. R., Palmer M. V., Pesch B. A., Olsen S. C., Wannemuehler M. J., Whipple D. L. MHC class II-restricted, CD4(+) T-cell proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Mycobacterium bovis-infected white-tailed deer. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2000c; 76: 215–229
   Google Scholar
• Waters W. R., Palmer M. V., Whipple D. L., Slaughter R. E., Jones S. L. Immune responses of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination. J. Wildl. Dis. 2004b; 40: 66–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters W. R., Rahner T. E., Palmer M. V., Cheng D., Nonnecke B. J., Whipple D. L. Expression of L-Selectin (CD62L), CD44, and CD25 on activated bovine T cells. Infect. Immun. 2003c; 71: 317–326
   Google Scholar
• Waters W. R., Sacco R. E., Dorn A. D., Hontecillas R., Zuckermann F. A., Wannemuehler M.J. Systemic and mucosal immune responses of pigs to parenteral immunization with a pepsin-digested Serpulina hyodysenteriae bacterin. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1999; 69: 75–87
   Google Scholar
• Waters W. R., Sacco R. E., Fach S. J., Palmer M. V., Olsen S. C., Kreeger T. J. Analysis of mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte subset proliferation and nitric oxide production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of captive elk (Cervus elaphus). J. Wildl. Dis. 2002b; 38: 344–351
   Google Scholar
• Wells A. D., Gudmundsdottir H., Turka L. A. Following the fate of individual T cells throughout activation and clonal expansion. Signals from T cell receptor and CD28 differentially regulate the induction and duration of a proliferative response. J. Clin. Invest. 1997; 100: 3173–3183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh M. D., Kennedy H. E., Smyth A. J., Girvin R. M., Andersen P., Pollock J. M. Responses of bovine WC1(+) γδT cells to protein and nonprotein antigens of. Mycobacterium bovis. Infect. Immun. 2002; 70: 6114–6120
   Google Scholar
• Wu C. W., Livesey M., Schmoller S. K., Manning E. J., Steinberg H., Davis W. C., Hamilton M. J., Talaat A. M. Invasion and persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during early stages of Johne's Disease in calves. Infect. Immun. 2007; 75: 2110–2119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang H., Parkhouse R. M. Phenotypic classification of porcine lymphocyte subpopulations in blood and lymphoid tissues. Immunology 1996; 89: 76–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang H., Parkhouse R. M. Differential expression of CD8 epitopes amongst porcine CD8-positive functional lymphocyte subsets. Immunology 1997; 92: 45–52
   Google Scholar
• Zuckermann F. A., Husmann R. J. Functional and phenotypic analysis of porcine peripheral blood CD4/CD8 double-positive T cells. Immunology 1996; 87: 500–512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar