Cancer/Testis Antigens: Expression, Regulation, Tumor Invasion, and Use in Immunotherapy of Cancers

References

• Akers SN, Odunsi K, Karpf AR. (2010). Regulation of cancer germline antigen gene expression: Implications for cancer immunotherapy. Future Oncol, 6, 717–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida LG, Sakabe NJ, Silva MCC, et al. (2009) CTdatabase: A knowledge-base of high-throughput and curated data on cancer-testis antigens. Nucleic Acids Res, 37, D816–D819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atanackovic D, Arfsten J, Cao Y, et al. (2007). Cancer-testis antigens are commonly expressed in multiple myeloma and induce systemic immunity following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood, 109, 1103–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker CF, Billingham R. (1977). Immunologically privileged sites. Adv Immunol, 25, 1–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrow C, Browning J, MacGregor D, et al. (2006). Tumor antigen expression in melanoma varies according to antigen and stage. Clin Cancer Res, 12, 764–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boël P, Wildmann C, Sensi ML, et al. (1995). BAGE: A new gene encoding an antigen recognized on human melanomas by cytolytic T lymphocytes. Immunity, 2, 167–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolhassani A, Safaiyan S, Rafati S. (2011). Improvement of different vaccine delivery systems for cancer therapy. Mol Cancer, 10, 1–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasseur F, Rimoldi D, Liénard D, et al. (1995). Expression of MAGE genes in primary and metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Int J Cancer 63, 375–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caballero OL, Chen YT. (2009a). Cancer/testis (CT) antigens: Potential targets for immunotherapy. Cancer Sci, 100, 2014–2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caballero OL, Chen YT. (2009b). Cancer/testis (CT) antigens: Potential targets for immunotherapy. Cancer Sci, 100, 2014–2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco J, Van Pel A, Neyns B, et al. (2008). Vaccination of a melanoma patient with mature dendritic cells pulsed with MAGE-3 peptides triggers the activity of nonvaccine anti-tumor cells. J Immunol, 180, 3585–3593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano V, Turdo A, Di Franco S, et al. (2013). Tumor and its microenvironment: A synergistic interplay. In Seminars in cancer biology (Elsevier), pp. 522–532.
   Google Scholar
• Cerami E, Gao J, Dogrusoz U, et al. (2012). The cBio cancer genomics portal: an open platform for exploring multidimensional cancer genomics data. Cancer Discovery, 2, 401–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheever MA, Allison JP, Ferris AS, et al. (2009). The prioritization of cancer antigens: A national cancer institute pilot project for the acceleration of translational research. Clin Cancer Res, 15, 5323–5337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y-T, Scanlan M, Sahin U, et al. (1997). A testicular antigen aberrantly expressed in human cancers detected by autologous antibody screening. Proc Nat Acad Sci, 94, 1914–1918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y-T, Scanlan MJ, Venditti CA, et al. (2005). Identification of cancer/testis-antigen genes by massively parallel signature sequencing. Proc Nat Acad Sci, 102, 7940–7945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Y-H, Wong EW, Cheng CY. (2011a). Cancer/testis (CT) antigens, carcinogenesis and spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis 1, 209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng Y-H, Wong EW, Cheng CY. (2011b). Cancer/testis (CT) antigens, carcinogenesis and spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis 1, 209–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chianese-Bullock KA, Pressley J, Garbee C, et al. (2005). MAGE-A1-, MAGE-A10-, and gp100-derived peptides are immunogenic when combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and montanide ISA-51 adjuvant and administered as part of a multipeptide vaccine for melanoma. J Immun, 174, 3080–3086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho B, Lee H, Jeong S, et al. (2003). Promoter hypomethylation of a novel cancer/testis antigen gene CAGE is correlated with its aberrant expression and is seen in premalignant stage of gastric carcinoma. Biochemical Biophysical Res Communications 307, 52–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodon T, Koya RC, Odunsi K. (2015). Active immunotherapy of cancer. Immunol Invest, 44, 817–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloosen S, Arnold J, Thio M, et al. (2007). Expression of tumor-associated differentiation antigens, MUC1 glycoforms and CEA, in human thymic epithelial cells: implications for self-tolerance and tumor therapy. Cancer Res, 67, 3919–3926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connerotte T, Van Pel A, Godelaine D, et al. (2008). Functions of Anti-MAGE T-cells induced in melanoma patients under different vaccination modalities. Cancer Res, 68, 3931–3940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronwright G, Le Blanc K, Götherström C, et al. (2005). Cancer/testis antigen expression in human mesenchymal stem cells: Down-regulation of SSX impairs cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression. Cancer Res, 65, 2207–2215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis ID, Chen W, Jackson H, et al. (2004). Recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant induces broad integrated antibody and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in humans. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA, 101, 10697–10702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Backer O, Arden KC, Boretti M, et al. (1999). Characterization of the GAGE genes that are expressed in various human cancers and in normal testis. Cancer Res, 59, 3157–3165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Smet C, Courtois SJ, Faraoni I, et al. (1995). Involvement of two Ets binding sites in the transcriptional activation of the MAGE1 gene. Immunogenetics, 42, 282–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Smet C, De Backer O, Faraoni I, et al. (1996). The activation of human gene MAGE-1 in tumor cells is correlated with genome-wide demethylation. Proc Nat Acad Sci, 93, 7149–7153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Smet C, Lurquin C, Lethé B, et al. (1999). DNA methylation is the primary silencing mechanism for a set of germ line-and tumor-specific genes with a CpG-rich promoter. Mol Cell Biol, 19, 7327–7335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dianatpour M, Mehdipour P, Nayernia K, et al. (2012). Expression of testis specific genes TSGA10, TEX101 and ODF3 in breast cancer. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 14, 722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• dos Santos NR, Torensma R, de Vries TJ, et al. (2000). Heterogeneous expression of the SSX cancer/testis antigens in human melanoma lesions and cell lines. Cancer Res, 60, 1654–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan X, Ye M, Xue B, et al. (2012). Human dendritic cells engineered to secrete interleukin-18 activate MAGE-A3-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. Immunol Invest, 41, 469–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazilaty H, Gardaneh M, Bahrami T, et al. (2013). Crosstalk between breast cancer stem cells and metastatic niche: Emerging molecular metastasis pathway? Tumor Biol, 34, 2019–2030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueiredo DL, Mamede R, Spagnoli GC, et al. (2011). High expression of cancer testis antigens MAGE‐A, MAGE‐C1/CT7, MAGE‐C2/CT10, NY‐ESO‐1, and gage in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Head Neck, 33, 702–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forghanifard MM, Gholamin M, Farshchian M, et al. (2011). Cancer-testis gene expression profiling in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Identification of specific tumor marker and potential targets for immunotherapy. Cancer Biol Therapy, 12, 191–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratta, E., Coral, S., Covre, A., et al. (2011). The biology of cancer testis antigens: putative function, regulation and therapeutic potential. Molecular oncology 5, 164–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gama-Sosa MA, Slagel VA, Trewyn RW, et al. (1983). The 5-methylcytosine content of DNA from human tumors. Nucleic Acids Res, 11, 6883–6894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghafouri-Fard S. (2015). Expression of Cancer-Testis Antigens in Stem Cells: Is it a Potential Drawback or an Advantage in Cancer Immunotherapy. APJCP, 16, 3079.
   Google Scholar
• Ghafouri‐Fard S, Abbasi A, Moslehi H, et al. (2010). Elevated expression levels of testis‐specific genes TEX101 and SPATA19 in basal cell carcinoma and their correlation with clinical and pathological features. Br J Dermatol, 162, 772–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghafouri-Fard S, Ashtiani ZO, Golian BS, et al. (2010). Expression of two testis-specific genes, SPATA19 and LEMD1, in prostate cancer. Arch Med Res 41, 195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghafouri-Fard S, Modarressi M-H. (2009). Cancer-testis antigens: Potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Arch Iran Med, 12, 395–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghafouri-Fard S, Modarressi M-H. (2012). Expression of cancer-testis genes in brain tumors: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, 4, 59–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilboa E. (2004). The promise of cancer vaccines. Nat Rev Cancer, 4, 401–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjerstorff MF, Kock K, Nielsen O, Ditzel HJ. (2007). MAGE-A1, GAGE and NY-ESO-1 cancer/testis antigen expression during human gonadal development. Hum Reprod, 22, 953–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goelz SE, Vogelstein B, Feinberg A. (1985). Hypomethylation of DNA from benign and malignant human colon neoplasms. Science, 228, 187–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodison S, Urquidi V. (2012). The cancer testis antigen PRAME as a biomarker for solid tumor cancer management. Biomarkers Med, 6, 629–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodyear O, Agathanggelou A, Novitzky-Basso I, et al. (2010). Induction of a CD8+ T-cell response to the MAGE cancer testis antigen by combined treatment with azacitidine and sodium valproate in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia. Blood, 116, 1908–1918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotter J, Brors B, Hergenhahn M, Kyewski B. (2004). Medullary epithelial cells of the human thymus express a highly diverse selection of tissue-specific genes colocalized in chromosomal clusters. J Exp Med, 199, 155–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigoriadis A, Caballero OL, Hoek KS, et al. (2009). CT-X antigen expression in human breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 106, 13493–13498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groeper C, Gambazzi F, Zajac P, et al. (2007). Cancer/testis antigen expression and specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in non small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer, 120, 337–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gure AO, Chua R, Williamson B, et al. (2005). Cancer-testis genes are coordinately expressed and are markers of poor outcome in non–small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 11, 8055–8062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harada N, Hoshiai K, Takahashi Y, et al. (2008). Preclinical safety pharmacology study of a novel protein-based cancer vaccine CHP-NY-ESO-1. Kobe J Med Sci, 54, E23–E34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heidebrecht H-J, Claviez A, Kruse ML, et al. (2006). Characterization and expression of CT45 in Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res, 12, 4804–4811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemminger JA, Toland AE, Scharschmidt TJ, et al. (2014). Expression of cancer-testis antigens MAGEA1, MAGEA3, ACRBP, PRAME, SSX2, and CTAG2 in myxoid and round cell liposarcoma. Mod Pathol, 27, 1238–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoei-Hansen CE, Kraggerud SM, Abeler VM, et al. (2007). Ovarian dysgerminomas are characterised by frequent KIT mutations and abundant expression of pluripotency markers. Mol Cancer, 6, 12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofbauer G, Schaefer C, Noppen C, et al. (1997). MAGE-3 immunoreactivity in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary and metastatic melanoma: frequency and distribution. Am J Pathol, 151, 1549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann MJ, Müller M, Engers R, Schulz WA. (2006). Epigenetic control of CTCFL/BORIS and OCT4 expression in urogenital malignancies. Biochem Pharmacol, 72, 1577–1588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann O, Caballero OL, Stevenson BJ, et al. (2008a). Genome-wide analysis of cancer/testis gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 105, 20422–20427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann O, Caballero OL, Stevenson BJ, et al. (2008b). Genome-wide analysis of cancer/testis gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 20422–20427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong JA, Kang Y, Abdullaev Z, et al. (2005). Reciprocal binding of CTCF and BORIS to the NY-ESO-1 promoter coincides with derepression of this cancer-testis gene in lung cancer cells. Cancer Res, 65, 7763–7774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jäger E, Gnjatic S, Nagata Y, et al. (2000a). Induction of primary NY-ESO-1 immunity: CD8+ T lymphocyte and antibody responses in peptide-vaccinated patients with NY-ESO-1+ cancers. Proc Nat Acad Sci, 97, 12198–12203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jäger E, Karbach J, Gnjatic S, et al. (2006). Recombinant vaccinia/fowlpox NY-ESO-1 vaccines induce both humoral and cellular NY-ESO-1-specific immune responses in cancer patients. Proc Nat Acad Sci, 103, 14453–14458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jäger E, Nagata Y, Gnjatic S, et al. (2000b). Monitoring CD8 T cell responses to NY-ESO-1: correlation of humoral and cellular immune responses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, 4760–4765.
   Google Scholar
• Jones PA, Baylin SB. (2002). The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat Rev Genet, 3, 415–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungbluth A, Stockert E, Chen Y, et al. (2000a). Monoclonal antibody MA454 reveals a heterogeneous expression pattern of MAGE-1 antigen in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded lung tumours. Br J Cancer, 83, 493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungbluth AA, Busam KJ, Kolb D, et al. (2000b). Expression of MAGE‐antigens in normal tissues and cancer. Int J Cancer, 85, 460–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungbluth AA, Chen YT, Busam KJ, et al. (2002). CT7 (MAGE‐C1) antigen expression in normal and neoplastic tissues. Int J Cancer, 99, 839–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungbluth AA, Chen YT, Stockert E, et al. (2001). Immunohistochemical analysis of NY‐ESO‐1 antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues. Int J Cancer, 92, 856–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungbluth AA, Ely S, DiLiberto M, et al. (2005). The cancer-testis antigens CT7 (MAGE-C1) and MAGE-A3/6 are commonly expressed in multiple myeloma and correlate with plasma-cell proliferation. Blood, 106, 167–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang Y, Hong J, Chen G, et al. (2007). Dynamic transcriptional regulatory complexes including BORIS, CTCF and Sp1 modulate NY-ESO-1 expression in lung cancer cells. Oncogene, 26, 4394–4403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpf AR. (2006). A potential role for epigenetic modulatory drugs in the enhancement of cancer/germ-line antigen vaccine efficacy. Epigenetics, 1, 116–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpf AR, Bai S, James SR, et al. (2009). Increased expression of androgen receptor coregulator MAGE-11 in prostate cancer by DNA hypomethylation and cyclic AMP. Mol Cancer Res, 7, 523–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpf AR, Lasek AW, Ririe TO, et al. (2004). Limited gene activation in tumor and normal epithelial cells treated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Mol Pharmacol, 65, 18–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi Y, Higashi T, Nouso K, et al. (2000). Expression of MAGE, GAGE and BAGE genes in human liver diseases: Utility as molecular markers for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 32, 612–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo T, Zhu X, Asa SL, Ezzat S. (2007). The cancer/testis antigen melanoma-associated antigen-A3/A6 is a novel target of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2-IIIb through histone H3 modifications in thyroid cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 13, 4713–4720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koop A, Sellami N, Adam-Klages S, et al. (2013). Down-regulation of the cancer/testis antigen 45 (CT45) is associated with altered tumor cell morphology, adhesion and migration. Cell Commun Signaling, 11, 41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosaka-Suzuki N, Suzuki T, Pugacheva EM, et al. (2011). Transcription factor BORIS (Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites) directly induces expression of a cancer-testis antigen, TSP50, through regulated binding of BORIS to the promoter. J Biol Chem, 286, 27378–27388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnadas DK, Bai F, Lucas KG. (2013). Cancer testis antigen and immunotherapy. ImmunoTargets Ther, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Kruit W, Suciu S, Dreno B, et al. (2008). Immunization with recombinant MAGE-A3 protein combined with adjuvant systems AS15 or AS02B in patients with unresectable and progressive metastatic cutaneous melanoma: A randomized open-label phase II study of the EORTC Melanoma Group (16032–18031). J Clin Oncol, 26, 9065.
   Google Scholar
• Kurashige T, Noguchi Y, Saika T, et al. (2001). NY-ESO-1 Expression and immunogenicity associated with transitional cell carcinoma correlation with tumor grade. Cancer Res, 61, 4671–4674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laban S, Atanackovic D, Luetkens T, et al. (2014). Simultaneous cytoplasmic and nuclear protein expression of melanoma antigen‐A family and NY‐ESO‐1 cancer‐testis antigens represents an independent marker for poor survival in head and neck cancer. Int J Cancer, 135, 1142–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann F, Louahed J, Gaulis S, et al. (2008). Clinical response to the MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic in metastatic melanoma patients is associated with a specific gene profile present prior to treatment. Cancer Immun, 8, 27.
   Google Scholar
• Li M, Yuan Y-H, Han Y, et al. (2005). Expression profile of cancer-testis genes in 121 human colorectal cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue. Clin Cancer Res, 11, 1809–1814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Li W, Meklat F, et al. (2007). A yeast two‐hybrid system using Sp17 identified Ropporin as a novel cancer–testis antigen in hematologic malignancies. Int J Cancer, 121, 1507–1511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lifantseva N, Koltsova A, Krylova T, et al. (2011). Expression patterns of cancer-testis antigens in human embryonic stem cells and their cell derivatives indicate lineage tracks. Stem Cells Int, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Lim SH, Wang Z, Chiriva-Internati M, Xue Y. (2001). Sperm protein 17 is a novel cancer-testis antigen in multiple myeloma. Blood, 97, 1508–1510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SH, Zhang Y, Zhang J. (2012a). Cancer-testis antigens: The current status on antigen regulation and potential clinical use. Am J Blood Res, 2, 29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lim SH, Zhang Y, Zhang J. (2012b). Cancer-testis antigens: The current status on antigen regulation and potential clinical use. Am J Blood Res, 2, 29–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linette GP, Stadtmauer EA, Maus MV, et al. (2013). Cardiovascular toxicity and titin cross-reactivity of affinity-enhanced T cells in myeloma and melanoma. Blood, 122, 863–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liston A, Lesage S, Wilson J, et al. (2003). Aire regulates negative selection of organ-specific T cells. Nat Immunol, 4, 350–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loriot A, De Plaen E, Boon T, De Smet C. (2006). Transient down-regulation of DNMT1 methyltransferase leads to activation and stable hypomethylation of MAGE-A1 in melanoma cells. J Biol Chem, 281, 10118–10126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loriot A, Sterpin C, De Backer O, De Smet C. (2008). Mouse embryonic stem cells induce targeted DNA demethylation within human MAGE-A1 transgenes. Epigenetics, 3, 38–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luetkens T, Schafhausen P, Uhlich F, et al. (2010). Expression, epigenetic regulation, and humoral immunogenicity of cancer-testis antigens in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia Res, 34, 1647–1655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maio M, Coral S, Sigalotti L, et al. (2003). Analysis of cancer/testis antigens in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: expression and humoral response to NY-ESO-1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 748–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand M, Punt C, Aamdal S, et al. (2003). Immunisation of metastatic cancer patients with MAGE-3 protein combined with adjuvant SBAS-2: A clinical report. Eur J Cancer, 39, 70–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashino K, Sadanaga N, Tanaka F, et al. (2001). Expression of multiple cancer-testis antigen genes in gastrointestinal and breast carcinomas. Br J Cancer, 85, 713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinhardt A, Hedger MP. (2011). Immunological, paracrine and endocrine aspects of testicular immune privilege. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 335, 60–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meklat F, Li Z, Wang Z, et al. (2007). Cancer‐testis antigens in haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol, 136, 769–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melloni G, Ferreri AJ, Russo V, et al. (2004). Prognostic significance of cancer-testis gene expression in resected non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncol Rep, 12, 145–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menendez, L., Walker, D., Matyunina, L.V., et al. (2007). Identification of candidate methylation-responsive genes in ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer 6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mischo A, Kubuschok B, Ertan K, et al. (2006). Prospective study on the expression of cancer testis genes and antibody responses in 100 consecutive patients with primary breast cancer. Int J Cancer, 118, 696–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan RA, Chinnasamy N, Abate-Daga DD, et al. (2013). Cancer regression and neurologic toxicity following anti-MAGE-A3 TCR gene therapy. J Immunother, 1997, 36, 133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Network CGAR. (2012). Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers. Nature, 489, 519–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikawa H, Maeda Y, Ishida T, et al. (2012). Cancer/testis antigens are novel targets of immunotherapy for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood, 119, 3097–3104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikawa H, Sato E, Briones G, et al. (2006). In vivo antigen delivery by a Salmonella typhimurium type III secretion system for therapeutic cancer vaccines. J Clin Invest, 116, 1946–1954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odunsi K, Qian F, Matsuzaki J, et al. (2007). Vaccination with an NY-ESO-1 peptide of HLA class I/II specificities induces integrated humoral and T cell responses in ovarian cancer. Proc Nat Acad Sci, 104, 12837–12842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Old LJ. (2001a). Cancer/testis (CT) antigens-a new link between gametogenesis and cancer. Cancer Immun, 1, 1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Old LJ. (2001b). Cancer/testis (CT) antigens - A new link between gametogenesis and cancer. Cancer Immun, 1, 1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Old LJ, Chen Y-T. (1998). New paths in human cancer serology. J Exp Med, 187, 1163–1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park J-H, Song M-H, Lee C-H, et al. (2011). Expression of the human cancer/testis antigen NY-SAR-35 is activated by CpG island hypomethylation. Biotechnol Lett, 33, 1085–1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmigiani RB, Bettoni F, Vibranovski MD, et al. (2006). Characterization of a cancer/testis (CT) antigen gene family capable of eliciting humoral response in cancer patients. Proc Nat Acad Sci, 103, 18066–18071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patard JJ, Brasseur F, Gil‐Diez S, et al. (1995). Expression of mage genes in transitional‐cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Int J Cancer, 64, 60–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollack SM, Jungbluth AA, Hoch BL, et al. (2012). NY‐ESO‐1 is a ubiquitous immunotherapeutic target antigen for patients with myxoid/round cell liposarcoma. Cancer, 118, 4564–4570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radich JP, Dai H, Mao M, et al. (2006). Gene expression changes associated with progression and response in chronic myeloid leukemia. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA, 103, 2794–2799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajagopalan K, Mooney SM, Parekh N, et al. (2011). A majority of the cancer/testis antigens are intrinsically disordered proteins. J Cell Biochem, 112, 3256–3267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renaud S, Pugacheva EM, Delgado MD, et al. (2007). Expression of the CTCF-paralogous cancer-testis gene, brother of the regulator of imprinted sites (BORIS), is regulated by three alternative promoters modulated by CpG methylation and by CTCF and p53 transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Res, 35, 7372–7388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins PF, Morgan RA, Feldman SA, et al. (2011). Tumor regression in patients with metastatic synovial cell sarcoma and melanoma using genetically engineered lymphocytes reactive with NY-ESO-1. J Clin Oncol, 29, 917–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeder C, Schuler-Thurner B, Berchtold S, et al. (2005). MAGE-A3 is a frequent tumor antigen of metastasized melanoma. Arch Dermatol Res, 296, 314–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman-Gomez J, Jimenez-Velasco A, Agirre X, et al. (2007). Epigenetic regulation of PRAME gene in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia Res, 31, 1521–1528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross MT, Grafham DV, Coffey AJ, et al. (2005). The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome. Nature, 434, 325–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruault M, van der Bruggen P, Brun M-E, et al. (2002). New BAGE (B melanoma antigen) genes mapping to the juxtacentromeric regions of human chromosomes 13 and 21 have a cancer/testis expression profile. EJHG, 10, 833–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahin U, Ö Türeci, Chen YT, et al. (1998). Expression of multiple cancer/testis (CT) antigens in breast cancer and melanoma: Basis for polyvalent CT vaccine strategies. Int J Cancer, 78, 387–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlan MJ, Altorki NK, Gure AO, et al. (2000). Expression of cancer-testis antigens in lung cancer: Definition of bromodomain testis-specific gene (BRDT) as a new CT gene, CT9. Cancer Lett, 150, 155–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlan MJ, Gordon CM, Williamson B, et al. (2002a). Identification of cancer/testis genes by database mining and mRNA expression analysis. Int J Cancer, 98, 485–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlan MJ, Gout I, Gordon CM, et al. (2001). Humoral immunity to human breast cancer: antigen definition and quantitative analysis of mRNA expression. Cancer Immun, 1, 60002–60002.
   Google Scholar
• Scanlan MJ, Gure AO, Jungbluth AA, et al. (2002b). Cancer/testis antigens: An expanding family of targets for cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev, 188, 22–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlan MJ, Simpson A, Old LJ. (2004). The cancer/testis genes: review, standardization, and commentary. Cancer Immun, 4, 1–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shang B, Gao A, Pan Y, et al. (2014). CT45A1 acts as a new proto-oncogene to trigger tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. Cell Death Dis, 5, e1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigalotti L, Coral S, Nardi G, et al. (2002). Promoter methylation controls the expression of MAGE2, 3 and 4 genes in human cutaneous melanoma. J Immunother, 25, 16–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigalotti L, Fratta E, Coral S, et al. (2004). Intratumor heterogeneity of cancer/testis antigens expression in human cutaneous melanoma is methylation-regulated and functionally reverted by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Cancer Re, 64, 9167–9171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson AJ, Caballero OL, Jungbluth A, et al. (2005). Cancer/testis antigens, gametogenesis and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer, 5, 615–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockert E, Jäger E, Chen Y-T et al. (1998). A survey of the humoral immune response of cancer patients to a panel of human tumor antigens. J Exp Med, 187, 1349–1354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun F, Chan E, Wu Z, et al. (2009). Combinatorial pharmacologic approaches target EZH2-mediated gene repression in breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther, 8, 3191–3202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri A, Sinha A, Agarwal S, et al. (2012). Cancer testis antigens: A new paradigm for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology, 1, 1194–1196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajima K, Obata Y, Tamaki H, et al. (2003). Expression of cancer/testis (CT) antigens in lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 42, 23–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Therasse P, Vansteenkiste J, Zielinski M, et al. (2011). MAGRIT phase III trial: MAGE-A3 antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy (ASCI) as adjuvant therapy in patients with completely resected stage IB-IIIA NSCLC. In ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings, p. TPS210.
   Google Scholar
• Türeci Ö, Sahin U, Schobert I, et al. (1996). The SSX-2 gene, which is involved in the t (X; 18) translocation of synovial sarcomas, codes for the human tumor antigen HOM-MEL-40. Cancer Res, 56, 4766–4772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Türeci Ö, Sahin U, Zwick C, et al. (1998). Identification of a meiosis-specific protein as a member of the class of cancer/testis antigens. Proc Nat Acad Sci, 95, 5211–5216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi P, Mirakhur B. (2009). MAGRIT: The largest-ever phase III lung cancer trial aims to establish a novel tumor-specific approach to therapy. Clin Lung Cancer, 10, 371–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valmori D, Souleimanian NE, Tosello V, et al. (2007). Vaccination with NY-ESO-1 protein and CpG in Montanide induces integrated antibody/Th1 responses and CD8 T cells through cross-priming. Proc Nat Acad Sci, 104, 8947–8952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Bruggen P, Zhang Y, Chaux P, et al. (2002). Tumor‐specific shared antigenic peptides recognized by human T cells. Immunol Rev, 188, 51–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vatolin S, Abdullaev Z, Pack SD, et al. (2005). Conditional expression of the CTCF-paralogous transcriptional factor BORIS in normal cells results in demethylation and derepression of MAGE-A1 and reactivation of other cancer-testis genes. Cancer Res, 65, 7751–7762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan HA, Svobodova S, MacGregor D, et al. (2004). Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of human melanomas for expression of the human cancer-testis antigens NY-ESO-1 and LAGE-1. Clin Cancer Res, 10, 8396–8404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velazquez EF, Jungbluth AA, Yancovitz M, et al. (2007). Expression of the cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1 in primary and metastatic malignant melanoma (MM)-correlation with prognostic factors. Cancer Immun J Acad Cancer Immunol, 7.
   Google Scholar
• von Kopylow K, Kirchhoff C, Jezek D, et al. (2010). Screening for biomarkers of spermatogonia within the human testis: A whole genome approach. Hum Reprod, 25, 1104–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadle A, Kubuschok B, Imig J, et al. (2006). Serological immune response to cancer testis antigens in patients with pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer, 119, 117–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Lim SH. (2006). SPAN‐Xb expression in myeloma cells is dependent on promoter hypomethylation and can be upregulated pharmacologically. Int J Cancer, 118, 1436–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber J, Salgaller M, Samid D, et al. (1994). Expression of the MAGE-1 tumor antigen is up-regulated by the demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Cancer Res 54, 1766–1771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinert BT, Krishnadath, KK, Milano F, et al. (2009). Real-time PCR analysis of genes encoding tumor antigens in esophageal tumors and a cancer vaccine. Cancer Immun J Acad Cancer Immunol 9.
   Google Scholar
• Whitehurst AW. (2014a). Cause and consequence of cancer/testis antigen activation in cancer. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 54, 251–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehurst AW. (2014b). Cause and consequence of cancer/testis antigen activation in cancer. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 54, 251–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woloszynska-Read A, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Yu J, et al. (2008). Intertumor and intratumor NY-ESO-1 expression heterogeneity is associated with promoter-specific and global DNA methylation status in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 14, 3283–3290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang B, Wu J, Maddodi N, et al. (2007). Epigenetic control of MAGE gene expression by the KIT tyrosine kinase. J Invest Dermatol, 127, 2123–2128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang P, Huo Z, Liao H, Zhou Q. (2015). Cancer/testis antigens trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transition and genesis of cancer stem-like cells. Curr Pharm Des, 21, 1292–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida N, Abe H, Ohkuri T, et al. (2006). Expression of the MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 cancer-testis antigens and T cell infiltration in non-small cell lung carcinoma and their prognostic significance. Int J Oncol, 28, 1089–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan J, Li H, Powel S, Gallardo HF, et al. (2008). CTLA-4 blockade enhances polyfunctional NY-ESO-1 specific T cell responses in metastatic melanoma patients with clinical benefit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 20410–20415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zendman AJ, Ruiter DJ, Van Muijen GN. (2003a). Cancer/testis-associated genes: identification, expression profile, and putative function. J Cell Physiol, 194, 272–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zendman AJ, Zschocke J, van Kraats AA, et al. (2003b). The human SPANX multigene family: genomic organization, alignment and expression in male germ cells and tumor cell lines. Gene, 309, 125–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhang J, Lim SH. (2009). Core promoter sequence of SEMG I spans between the two putative GATA-1 binding domains and is responsive to IL-4 and IL-6 in myeloma cells. Leukemia Res, 33, 166–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu X, Asa SL, Ezzat S. (2008). Fibroblast growth factor 2 and estrogen control the balance of histone 3 modifications targeting MAGE-A3 in pituitary neoplasia. Clin Cancer Res, 14, 1984–1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar