Investigating the Relationships Among Child's Age, Parasocial Interactions, and the Social Realism of Favorite Television Characters

References

• Bandura , A. ( 1986 ). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Eyal , K. ( 2003 , November ). Measuring identification with media characters . Paper presented at the National Communication Association , Miami , FL .
   Google Scholar
• Eyal , K. , & Cohen , J. ( 2006 ). When good friends say goodbye: A parasocial breakup study . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 50 , 502 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyal , K. , & Rubin , A. M. ( 2003 ). Viewer aggression and homophily, identification, and parasocial relationships with television characters . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 47 , 77 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feilitzen , C. V. , & Linne , O. ( 1975 ). Identifying with television characters . Journal of Communication , 25 ( 4 ), 51 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernie , D. E. ( 1981 ). Ordinary and extraordinary people: Children's understanding of television and real life models . In H. Kelly & H. Gardner (Eds.), Viewing children through television (pp. 47 – 58 ). San Francisco : Jossey–Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Giles , D. C. ( 2002 ). Parasocial interaction: A review of the literature and a model for future research . Media Psychology , 4 , 279 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffner , C. ( 1996 ). Children's wishful identification and parasocial interaction with favorite television characters . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 40 ( 3 ), 389 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffner , C. , & Cantor , J. ( 1991 ). Perceiving and responding to mass media characters . In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction processes (pp. 63 – 101 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Horton , D. , & Wohl , R. R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction. Psychiatry , 19, 215–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huston , A. C. , Wright , J. C. , Alvarez , M. , Truglio , R. , Fitch , M. , & Piemyat , S. ( 1995 ). Perceived television reality and children's emotional and cognitive responses to its social content . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 16 , 231 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klimmt , C. , Hartmann , T. , & Schramm , H. ( 2006 ). Parasocial interactions and relationships . In J. Bryant & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 291 – 313 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , M. R. ( 1979 ). Watching TV news as para-social interaction . Journal of Broadcasting , 23 , 69 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble , G. ( 1975 ). Children in front of the small screen , Beverly Hills , Calif. : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Piaget , J. ( 1952 ). The origins of intelligence in children , New York : International Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reeves , B. ( 1979 ). Children's understanding of television people . In E. Wartella (Ed.), Children communicating: Media and development of thought, speech, understanding (pp. 115 – 155 ). Beverly Hills , Calif. : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Reeves , B. , & Greenberg , B. S. ( 1977 ). Children's perceptions of television characters . Human Communication Research , 3 ( 2 ), 113 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Reeves , B. , & Nass , C. ( 1996 ). The media equation: How people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places . Stanford , Calif. : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosaen , S. F. , & Smith , S. L. ( 2004 , May ). Abused children and television: Examining parasocial interactions in special populations . Paper presented at the meeting for the International Communication Association , New Orleans , LA .
   Google Scholar
• Rosengren , K. E. , & Windahl , S. ( 1972 ). Mass media consumption as a functional alternative . In D. McQuail (Ed.), Sociology of mass communications (pp. 166 – 194 ). Harmondsworth , England : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Rosengren , K. E. , Windahl , S. , Hakansson , P. , & Johnsson-Smaragdi , U. ( 1976 ). Adolescents' TV relations . Communication Research , 3 ( 4 ), 347 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , A. M. , & Perse , E. M. ( 1987 ). Audience activity and soap opera involvement . Human Communication Research , 14 , 246 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiappa , E. , Gregg , P. B. , & Hewes , D. E. ( 2005 ). The parasocial contact hypothesis . Communication Monographs , 72 , 92 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , W. ( 1955 ). Reliability of content analysis: The case of nominal scale coding . Public Opinion Quarterly , 17 , 321 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorderer , P. , & Knobloch , S. ( 1996 ). Parasoziale Beziehungen zu Serienfiguren: Ergänzung oder Ersatz? [Parasocial relationships to characters in TV series—complement or substitution?] . Medienpsychologie , 8 ( 3 ), 202 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , B. J. ( 2007 ). Media and cognitive development . In J. J. Arnett (Ed.), Encyclopedia of children, adolescents, and the media (Vol. 1 , pp. 182 – 185 ). Thousand Oaks , Calif. : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Woolley , J. D. ( 1997 ). Thinking about fantasy: Are children fundamentally different thinkers and believers from adults? Child Development , 68 , 991 – 1011 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , J. C. , Huston , A. C. , Reitz , A. L. , & Piemyat , S. ( 1994 ). Young children's perceptions of television reality: Determinants and developmental differences . Developmental Psychology , 30 , 229 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar