4,409
Views
74
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Is the Media Biased Against Me? A Meta-Analysis of the Hostile Media Effect Research

&
Pages 169-179 | Published online: 22 Apr 2011

References

  • Andreoli , V. , & Worchel , S. ( 1978 ). Effect of media, communicator, and message position on attitude change . Public Opinion Quarterly , 42 , 59 – 70 . doi: doi: 10.1086/268429
  • *Ariyanto , A. , Hornsey , M. , & Gallois , C. ( 2007 ). Group allegiances and perceptions of media bias: Taking into account both the perceiver and the source . Group Processes & Intergroup Relations , 10 , 266 . doi: doi: 10.1177/1368430207074733
  • *Arpan , L. , Bae , B. , Chen , Y.-S. , & Greene , G. ( 2009 , May ). Does humor attenuate hostility? A comparison of hostile media perceptions of news and late-night comedy. Paper presented at the International Communication Association annual conference, Chicago, IL.
  • *Arpan , L. , & Raney , A. A. ( 2003 ). An experimental investigation of news source and the hostile media effect . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 80 , 265 – 281 .
  • Beck , P. A. ( 1991 ). Voters' intermediation environments in the 1988 presidential contest . Public Opinion Quarterly , 55 , 371 – 394 . doi: doi: 10.1086/269269
  • Bennett , L. W. ( 2008 ). News: The politics of illusion () , 8th ed. . New York , NY : Longman .
  • *Chia , S. C. , Shing Yew Joel , Y. , Wong , Z. W. D. , & Wei Ling , K. ( 2007 ). Personal bias or government bias? Testing the hostile media effect in a regulated press system . Journal of Public Opinion Research , 19 , 313 – 330 .
  • *Choi , J. , & Chang , J. ( 2007 , May ). Exploring behavioral consequences of hostile media perception: Its impact on advocacy evaluation and strategies. Paper presented at the International Communication Association annual conference, San Francisco, CA .
  • *Choi , J. , Yang , M. , & Chang , J. ( 2009 ). Elaboration of the hostile media phenomenon: The roles of involvement, media skepticism, congruency of perceived media influence, and perceived opinion climate . Communication Research , 36 , 54 – 75 .
  • *Christen , C. T. , Kannaovakun , P. , & Gunther , A. C. ( 2002 ). Hostile media perceptions: Partisan assessments of press and public during the 1997 United Parcel Service strike . Political Communication , 19 , 423 – 436 .
  • Christensen , P. N. , & Wood , W. ( 2007 ). Effects of media violence on viewers' aggression in unconstrained social interaction . In R. Preiss , B. M. Gayle , N. Burrell , M. Allen , & J. Bryant (Eds.), Mass media research: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 145 – 168 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • *Coe , K. , Tewksbury , D. , Bond , B. J. , Drogos , K. L. , Porter , R. W. , Yahn , A. , & Zhang , Y. ( 2008 ). Hostile news: Partisan use and perceptions of cable news programming . Journal of Communication , 58 , 201 – 219 .
  • Cohen , J. ( 1992 ). A power primer . Psychological Bulletin , 112 , 155 – 159 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0033–2909.112.1.155
  • *D'Alessio , D. (2005). An experimental examination of readers' perceptions of media bias. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 80, 282–294.
  • *Dalton , R. J. ( 1998 ). Partisan cues and the media: Information flows in the 1992 presidential campaign . American Political Science Review , 92 , 111 – 126 .
  • *Feldman , L. ( 2008 ). To opine or not to opine: The consequences of opinionated news for political information processing, attitudes, and knowledge . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania .
  • Flanagin , A. J. , & Metzger , M. J. ( 2000 ). Perceptions of Internet information credibility . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 77 , 515 – 540 .
  • *Giner-Sorolla , R. , & Chaiken , S. ( 1994 ). The causes of hostile media judgments . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 30 , 165 – 180 .
  • Glass , G. V. ( 1976 ). Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research . Educational Researcher , 5 , 3 – 8 .
  • *Gunther , A. C. ( 1992 ). Biased press or biased public? Attitudes toward media coverage of social groups . Public Opinion Quarterly , 56 , 147 – 167 .
  • *aGunther , A. C. , & Chia , C. S. ( 2001 ). Predicting pluralistic ignorance: The hostile media perception and its consequences . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 78 , 688 – 701 .
  • Gunther , A. C. , & Christen , C. T. ( 1999 ). Effects of news slant and base rate information on perceived public opinion . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 76 , 277 – 292 .
  • *Gunther , A. C. , & Christen , C. T. ( 2002 ). Projection or persuasive press? Contrary effects of personal opinion and perceived news coverage on estimates of public opinion . Journal of Communication , 52 , 177 .
  • *Gunther , A. C. , Christen , C. T. , Liebhart , J. L. , & Chia , C. S. ( 2001 ). Congenial public, contrary press, and biased estimates of the climate of opinion . Public Opinion Quarterly , 65 , 295 – 320 .
  • *Gunther , A. C. , & Liebhart , J. L. ( 2006 ). Broad reach or biased source? Decomposing the hostile media effect . Journal of Communication , 56 , 449 – 466 .
  • *Gunther , A. C. , Miller , N. , & Liebhart , J. ( 2009 ). Assimilation and contrast in a test of the hostile media effect . Communication Research , 36 , 747 – 764 .
  • *Gunther , A. C. , & Schmitt , K. ( 2004 ). Mapping boundaries of the hostile media effect . Journal of Communication , 54 , 55 – 70 .
  • Hansen , G. J. , & Benoit , W. L. ( 2007 ). Communication forms as predictor of issue knowledge in presidential campaigns: A meta-analytic assessment . Mass Communication & Society , 10 , 189 – 210 .
  • *Hoffner , C. , & Toohey , R. ( 2007 , May). The hostile media effect in the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Paper presented at the International Communication Association annual conference, San Francisco, CA .
  • *Huge , M. , & Glynn , C. ( 2010 ). Hostile media and the campaign trail: Perceived media bias in the race for governor . Journal of Communication , 60 , 165 – 181 .
  • Hunter , J. E. , & Schmidt , F. L. ( 2004 ). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings () , 2nd ed. . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Hunter , J. E. , Schmidt , F. L. , & Jackson , G. B. ( 1982 ). Meta-analysis: Cumulating research findings across studies . New York , NY : Sage .
  • Jeffres , L. W. ( 1997 ). Mass media effects () , 2nd ed. . Prospect Heights , IL : Waveland .
  • *Jeon , J. ( 2009 ). The influence of prior attitudes on perception bias and perceived message credibility: Online health information about smoking bans . Unpublished master's thesis, Michigan State University .
  • Kaid , L. L. , & Postelnicu , M. ( 2005 ). Political advertising in the 2004 election: Comparison of traditional television and Internet messages . American Behavioral Scientist , 49 , 265 – 278 .
  • *Kim , K. S. , & Pasadeos , Y. ( 2007 ). How partisans read the news: Hostile media and credibility perceptions . Newspaper Research Journal , 28 , 99 – 106 .
  • *Kinnally , W. ( 2008 ). Reactance and the hostile media effect: Placing the effect within the theory . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University .
  • *Matheson , K. , & Dursun , S. (2001). Social identity precursors to the hostile media phenomenon: Partisan perceptions of coverage of the Bosnian conflict. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations , 4, 116–125.
  • McLuhan , M. ( 1964 ). Understanding media: The extensions of man . New York , NY : McGraw-Hill .
  • McQuail , D. ( 1992 ). Media performance: Mass communication and the public interest . London , England : Sage .
  • *Mende , A. M. ( 2008 , May ). Testing the hostile media effect under selective exposure. Paper presented at the International Communication Association annual conference, Montreal, Canada .
  • Morales , L. ( 2010 ). In U.S., confidence in newspapers, TV news remain a rarity. Gallup Poll. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/142133/Confidence-Newspapers-News-Remains-Rarity.aspx
  • Paik , H. , & Comstock , G. ( 1994 ). The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis . Communication Research , 21 , 516 – 546 .
  • Paul , B. , Salwen , M. B. , & Dupagne , M. ( 2000 ). The third-person effect: A meta-analysis of the perceptual hypothesis . Mass Communication & Society , 3 , 57 – 85 .
  • *Peng , Z. ( 2005 ). Ideology, source, news content, and perception of media bias and credibility: An empirical study on hostile media effect . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri–Columbia .
  • *Perloff , R. M. ( 1989 ). Ego-involvement and the third person effect of televised news coverage . Communication Research , 16 , 236 .
  • *Reid , S. ( 2007 , May ). A self-categorization explanation for the hostile media effect. Paper presented at the International Communication Association annual conference, San Francisco, CA .
  • Roskos-Ewoldsen , D. R. , Klinger , M. R. , & Roskos-Ewoldsen , B. ( 2007 ). Media priming: A meta-analysis . In R. Preiess , B. M. Gayke , N. Burrell , M. Allen & J. Bryant (Eds.), Mass media theories and processes: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 53 – 80 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Salwen , M. B. ( 1998 ). Perceptions of media influence and support for censorship: The third-person effect in the 1996 presidential election . Communication Research , 25 , 259 – 285 .
  • Savage , J. ( 2004 ). Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence? A methodological review . Aggression and Violent Behavior , 10 , 99 – 128 .
  • *Schmitt , K. M. , Gunther , A. C. , & Liebhart , J. L. ( 2004 ). Why partisans see mass media as biased . Communication Research , 31 , 623 – 641 .
  • *Tsfati , Y. ( 2007 ). Hostile media perceptions, presumed media influence, and minority alienation: The case of Arabs in Israel . Journal of Communication , 57 , 632 – 651 .
  • *Tsfati , Y. , & Cohen , J. ( 2005 ). Democratic consequences of hostile media perceptions: The case of Gaza settlers . Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics , 10 , 28 – 51 .
  • *Vallone , R. P. , Ross , L. , & Lepper , M. R. ( 1985 ). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 49 , 577 – 589 .
  • Wanta , W. , & Ghanem , S. ( 2007 ). Effects of agenda setting . In R. W. Preiss , B. M. Gayle , N. Burrell & J. Bryant (Eds.), Mass media effects research: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 37 – 51 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Weisbach , K. ( 2005 , May ). Heuristic–systematic processing and hostile media perceptions. Paper presented at the International Communication Association, New York, NY .
  • Wolf , F. M. ( 1986 ). Meta-analysis: Quantitative methods for research synthesis . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage .
  • *Yan , L. , Tay , M. , Yap , P. , Hao , X. , Chia , S. , Detenber , B. , & Lee , W. ( 2007 , May ). Personal involvement and perception of press credibility. Paper presented at the International Communication Association annual conference, San Francisco, CA .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.