Impact of Perception: Third-Person Perception, Anxiety, and Attitude Change

References

• Ball-Rokeach , S. J. ( 2001 ). The politics of studying media violence: Reflections 30 years after the violence commission . Mass Communication & Society , 4 , 3 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Ball-Rokeach , S. J. , & DeFleur , M. L. ( 1976 ). A dependency model of mass-media effects . Communication Research , 3 , 3 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banning , S. A. ( 2006 ). Third-person effects on political participation . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 83 , 785 – 800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. , & Kenny , D. A. ( 1986 ). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 , 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon , M. , Cohen , M. M. , Miller , M. D. , & Montgomery , C. L. ( 1978 ). An empirical test of a model of resistance to persuasion . Human Communication Research , 5 , 27 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. , & Davis , R. G. ( 1991 ). Third-person effects and the differential impact in negative political advertising . Journalism Quarterly , 68 , 680 – 688 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. , Mutz , D. , Price , V. , & Gunther , A. ( 1988 ). Perceived impact of defamation . Public Opinion Quarterly , 52 , 161 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comstock , G. , & Scharrer , E. ( 2005 ). The psychology of media and politics . Burlington , MA : Elsevier Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• David , P. , & Johnson , M. A. ( 1998 ). The role of self in third-person effects about body image . Journal of Communication , 48 , 37 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison , W. P. ( 1983 ). The third-person effect in communication . Public Opinion Quarterly , 47 , 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupagne , M. , Salwen , M. B. , & Paul , B. ( 1999 ). Impact of question order on the third-person effect . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 11 , 334 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther , A. C. , Bolt , D. , Borzekowski , D. L. G. , Liebhart , J. L. , & Dillard , J. P. ( 2006 ). Presumed influence on peer norms: How mass media indirectly affect adolescent smoking . Journal of Communication , 56 , 52 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther , A. C. , & Mundy , P. ( 1993 ). Biased optimism and the third-person effect . Journalism Quarterly , 70 , 58 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther , A. C. , & Storey , J. D. ( 2003 ). The influence of presumed influence . Journal of Communication , 53 , 199 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetsroni , A. ( 2007 ). Four decades of violent content on prime-time network programming: A longitudinal meta-analytic review . Journal of Communication , 57 , 759 – 784 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard , C. E. ( 1977 ). Human emotions . New York , NY : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kepplinger , H. M. (2008). Effects of the news media on public opinion. In W. Donsbach & M. W. Traugott (Eds.), The Sage handbook of public opinion research (pp. 192–204). Los Angeles , CA : Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lambe , J. L. , & McLeod , D. M. ( 2005 ). Understanding third-person perception processes: Predicting perceived impact on self and others for multiple expressive contexts . Journal of Communication , 55 , 277 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. ( 1984 ). Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition . In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 247 – 257 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. , Coyne , J. C. , & Folkman , S. ( 1984 ). Cognition, emotion and motivation: The doctoring of Humpty-Dumpty . In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 221 – 237 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Marcus , G. E. , & Mackuen , M. B. ( 1993 ). Anxiety, enthusiasm, and the vote: The emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns . The American Political Science Review , 87 , 672 – 685 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus , G. E. , Neuman , W. R. , & Mackeun , M. ( 2000 ). Affective intelligence and political judgment . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• McGuire , W. J. ( 1986 ). The myth of massive media impact: Savagings and salvagings . Public Communication and Behavior , 1 , 175 – 257 .
   Google Scholar
• Meirick , P. C. ( 2005 ). Rethinking the target corollary: The effects of social distance, perceived exposure, and perceived predispositions on first-person and third-person perceptions . Communication Research , 32 , 822 – 843 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meirick , P. C. ( 2006 ). Media schemas, perceived effects, and person perceptions . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 83 , 632 – 649 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi , R. L. ( 2003 ). Exploring the framing effects of emotion: Do discrete emotions differentially influence information accessibility, information seeking, and policy preference? Communication Research , 30 , 224 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathanson , A. I. , Eveland , W. P. , Jr. , Park , H.-S. , & Paul , B. ( 2002 ). Perceived media influence and efficacy as predictors of caregivers' protective behaviors . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 46 , 385 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul , B. , Salwen , M. B. , & Dupagne , M. ( 2000 ). The third-person effect: A meta-analysis of the perceptual hypothesis . Mass Communication & Society , 3 , 57 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Perloff , R. M. ( 1989 ). Ego-involvement and the third person effect of televised news coverage . Communication Research , 16 , 236 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plutchik , R. ( 1962 ). The emotions: Facts, theories, and a new model . New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Preacher , K. J. , & Hayes , A. F. ( 2004 ). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , 36 , 717 – 731 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price , V. , Huang , L. N. , & Tewksbury , D. ( 1997 ). Third-person effects of news coverage: Orientations toward media . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 74 , 525 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman , I. J. , & Smith , C. A. ( 2001 ). Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions varieties, controversies . In K. R. Scherer , A. Schorr , & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion (pp. 3 – 19 ). Oxford , England : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rucinski , D. , & Salmon , C. T. ( 1990 ). The “other” as the vulnerable voter: A study of the third-person effect in the 1988 U.S. presidential campaign . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 2 , 345 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Salwen , M. B. , & Dupagne , M. ( 1999 ). The third-person effect: Perceptions of the media's influence and immoral consequences . Communication Research , 26 , 523 – 550 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmierbach , M. , Boyle , M. P. , & McLeod , D. M. ( 2008 ). Understanding person perceptions: Comparing four common statistical approaches to third-person research . Mass Communication & Society , 11 , 492 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah , D. V. , Faber , R. J. , & Youn , S. ( 1999 ). Susceptibility and severity . Communication Research , 26 , 240 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. (1983). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults . Washington , DC : Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sun , Y. , Pan , Z. , & Shen , L. ( 2008 ). Understanding the third-person perception: Evidence from a meta-analysis . Journal of Communication , 58 , 280 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , Y. , Shen , L. , & Pan , Z. ( 2008 ). On the behavioral component of the third-person effect . Communication Research , 35 , 257 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsfati , Y. ( 2001 ). Why do people trust media pre-election polls? Evidence from the Israeli 1996 elections . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 13 , 433 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei , R. , Chia , S. C. , & Lo , V. H. ( 2011 ). Third-person effect and hostile media perception influences on voter attitudes toward polls in the 2008 U.S. Presidential election . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 23 , 169 – 190 . doi: 10.1093/ijpor/edq044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar