Believe it or not? Examining how one’s own normative beliefs impact the perceived credibility of descriptive norms-based messages

References

• Appelman, A., & Sundar, S. S. (2016). Measuring message credibility: Construction and validation of an exclusive scale. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(1), 59–79. doi:10.1177/1077699015606057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae, M. (2020). Role of skepticism and message elaboration in determining consumers’ response to cause-related marketing claims on Facebook brand pages. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 41(3), 301–331. doi:10.1080/10641734.2019.1666071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsari, B., & Carey, K. B. (2001). Peer influences on college drinking: A review of the research. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13(4), 391–424. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(01)00098-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chung, S., Fink, E. L., & Kaplowitz, S. A. (2008). The comparative statics and dynamics of beliefs: The effect of message discrepancy and source credibility. Communication Monographs, 75(2), 158–189. doi:10.1080/03637750802082060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, A., & Rimal, R. N. (2016). Social norms: A review. Review of Communication Research, 4, 1–28. doi:10.12840/.2255-4165.2016.04.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., Shen, L., & Vail, R. G. (2007). Does perceived message effectiveness cause persuasion or vice versa? 17 consistent answers. Human Communication Research, 33(4), 467–488. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00308.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., & Ha, Y. (2016). Interpreting perceived effectiveness: Understanding and addressing the problem of mean validity. Journal of Health Communication, 21(9), 1016–1022. doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1204379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlieb, J. B., & Sarel, D. (1991). Comparative advertising effectiveness: The role of involvement and source credibility. Journal of Advertising, 20(1), 38–45. doi:10.1080/00913367.1991.10673205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, P. O., & Neyman, J. (1936). Tests of certain linear hypotheses and their application to some educational problems. Statistical Research Memoirs, 1, 57–93.
   Google Scholar
• Kees, J. (2010). Temporal framing in health advertising: The role of risk and future orientation. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 32(1), 33–46. doi:10.1080/10641734.2010.10505273
   Google Scholar
• Lapinski, M. K., Maloney, E. K., Braz, M., & Shulman, H. C. (2013). Testing the effects of social norms and behavioral privacy on hand washing: A field experiment. Human Communication Research, 39(1), 21–46. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01441.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes, L., Kearney, A., Kirzinger, A., Hamel, L., & Brodie, M. (2020 December 17). KFF health tracking poll – December 2020: covid-19 and biden’s health care agenda. KFF, Retrieved May 7, 2022 from. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/report/kff-health-tracking-poll-december-2020/
   Google Scholar
• Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J., Eyal, K., Lemus, D. R., & McCann, R. M. (2003). Credibility for the 21st century: Integrating perspectives on source, message, and media credibility in the contemporary media environment. Annals of the International Communication Association, 27(1), 293–335. doi:10.1080/23808985.2003.11679029
   Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Barker, J., Bell, T., & Yzer, M. (2020). Does perceived message effectiveness predict the actual effectiveness of tobacco education messages? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Communication, 35(2), 148–157. doi:10.1080/10410236.2018.1547675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, N., Shulman, H. C., & McClaran, N. (2020). Changing norms: A meta-analytic integration of research on social norms appeals. Human Communication Research, 46(2–3), 161–191. doi:10.1093/hcr/hqz023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., & Real, K. (2005). How behaviors are influenced by perceived norms: A test of the theory of normative social behavior. Communication Research, 32(3), 389–414. doi:10.1177/0093650205275385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N. (2008). Modeling the relationship between descriptive norms and behaviors: A test and extension of the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB). Health Communication, 23(2), 103–116. doi:10.1080/10410230801967791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., Lapinski, M. K., Cook, R. J., & Real, K. (2005). Moving toward a theory of normative influences: How perceived benefits and similarity moderate the impact of descriptive norms on behaviors. Journal of Health Communication, 10(5), 433–450. doi:10.1080/10810730591009880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, H., Seibring, M., Liu, I. C., & Ahl, M. (2004). Colleges respond to student binge drinking: Reducing student demand or limiting access. Journal of American College Health, 52(4), 159–168. doi:10.3200/JACH.52.4.159-168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, H. J., La Ferle, C., & Edwards, S. M. (2017). Norm effects on gender in social marketing advertising campaigns promoting savings behavior. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 38(1), 1–16. doi:10.1080/10641734.2016.1233151
   Google Scholar