REFERENCES
- The studies are the following: —“ Stratégic des opérateurs miniers intemationaux ”, conducted by Paulo de SA—CERNA , Paris , november 1985 ; —“Strategic des opérateurs miniers et métallurgiques europeens ct australiens, ” conducted by Paulo de SA—CERNA, Paris, mars 1986; — “Intervention des sociétés pétrolières dans I'industrie minière”, conducted by Paulo de Sa—CERNA, Paris, mars 1986 .
- Cf. Bomsel, Giraud, de Sa; “La crise dans I'industrie minière” , CERNA , 1985 .
- It is also important to note the introduction of stricter environmental control laws, which forced, for the first time since the Second World War, these largely protected companies to an enormous effort of modernisation .
- Such as Shell, BP, Exxon and Chevron .
- With the notable exception of nickel and aluminium. Although the U.S.A. have become major importers of primary aluminium, the North-American continent is still largely self-sufficient for this metal .
- In particular, it should be noted that the Scandivanian companies are of smaller dimensions than the MEC .
- LKAB did not seek any forms of diversification nor integration and was seriously threatened at the end of the 70's by the international competition on the iron ore industry. By setting up a drastic reorganisation and a reduction of nearly 50% in its volume output, the company managed to build up a strong point again in its basic activity and restore a cautious positive growth rate, based on marketing innovation and a search for new outlets for its products .