Direct and Indirect Aggression on Prime-Time Network Television

References

• Anderson , C. A. , Carnagey , N. L. and Eubanks , J. 2003 . Exposure to violent media: The effects of songs with violent lyrics on aggressive thoughts and feelings . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 : 960 – 971 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard , M. E. and Coates , S. 1995 . The immediate effects of homicidal, suicidal, and nonviolent heavy metal and rap songs on the moods of college students . Youth & Society , 27 : 148 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. , Ross , D. and Ross , S. A. 1963a . Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 66 : 3 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. , Ross , D. and Ross , S. A. 1963b . Vicarious reinforcement and imitative learning . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 67 : 601 – 607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barongan , C. and Hall , G. C. 1995 . The influence of misogynous rap music on sexual aggression against women . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 19 : 195 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , L. 1970 . Aggressive humor as a stimulus to aggressive responses . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 16 : 710 – 717 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berkowitz , L. 1984 . Some effects of thoughts on anti- and prosocial influences of media events: A cognitive-neoassociation analysis . Psychology Bulletin , 95 : 410 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorkqvist , K. 1994 . Sex differences in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression: A review of recent research . Sex Roles , 30 : 177 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consoli, J. (2005, September 29). Nielsen: TV viewing peaks 2004–05. Mediaweek.com. Retrieved July 4, 2006, from http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/news/recent_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001218895&imw=Y
   Google Scholar
• Coyne , S. M. and Archer , J. 2004 . Indirect aggression in the media: A content analysis of British television programs . Aggressive Behavior , 30 : 254 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne , S. M. , Archer , J. and Eslea , M. 2004 . Cruel intentions on television and in real life: Can viewing indirect aggression increase viewers' subsequent aggression? . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 88 : 234 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , D. M. 1990 . Portrayals of women in prime-time network television: Some demographic characteristics . Sex Roles , 23 : 325 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elasmar , M. , Hasegawa , K. and Brain , M. 1999 . The portrayal of women in U.S. prime time television . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 43 : 20 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escoffery , D. S. 2006 . How real is reality TV? , Jefferson, NC : McFarland. .
   Google Scholar
• Gerbner , G. and Gross , L. 1976 . Living with television: The violence profile . Journal of Communication , 26 : 172 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbner , G. and Gross , L. 1978 . Cultural indicators: Violence profile No. 9 . Journal of Communication , 29 : 176 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbner , G. , Gross , L. , Jackson-Beeck , M. , Jeffries-Fox , S. and Signorielli , N. 1978 . Cultural indicators: Violence profile No. 9 . Journal of Communication , 28 : 176 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbner , G. , Gross , L. , Morgan , M. , Signorielli , N. and Shanahan , J. 2002 . “ Growing up with television: Cultivation processes ” . In Media effects: Advances in theory and research , Edited by: Bryant , J. and Zillmann , D. 43 – 67 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Glascock , J. 2001 . Gender roles on prime-time network television: Demographics and behaviors . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 45 : 656 – 669 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , B. S. , Edison , N. , Korzenny , F. , Fernanadez-Collado , C. and Atkin , C. K. 1980 . “ Antisocial and prosocial behaviors on television ” . In Living with television: Content analyses of U.S. TV drama , Edited by: Greenberg , B. S. 99 – 128 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex Publishing. .
   Google Scholar
• Huesmann , L. R. , Moise-Titus , J. , Podolski , C. L. and Eron , L. D. 2003 . Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive behavior in young adulthood: 1977–1992 . Developmental Psychology , 39 : 201 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infante , D. A. , Chandler , T. A. and Rudd , J. E. 1989 . Test of an argumentative skill deficiency model of interpersonal violence . Communication Monographs , 56 : 163 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infante , D. A. and Rancer , A. S. 1996 . Argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness: A review of the recent theory and research . Communication Yearbook , 19 : 319 – 351 .
   Google Scholar
• Infante , D. A. and Wigley , C. J. 1986 . Verbal aggressiveness: An interpersonal model and measure . Communication Monographs , 53 : 61 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krippendorff , K. 2004 . Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. .
   Google Scholar
• Osterman , K. , Bjorkqvist , K. , Lagerspetz , K. M.J. , Kaukianinen , A. , Landau , S. F. Fraczek , A. 1998 . Cross-cultural evidence of female indirect aggression . Aggressive Behavior , 24 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquette , J. A. and Underwood , M. K. 1999 . Gender differences in young adolescents' experiences of peer victimization: Social and physical aggression . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 45 : 242 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter , D. 2005 . Past their prime: Their audience shrinking, TV magazines go tabloid. . American Journalism Review , 27 August/September : 76
   Google Scholar
• Potter , W. J. and Ware , W. 1987 . An analysis of the contexts of antisocial acts on prime-time television . Communication Research , 14 : 664 – 686 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray , K. 2005 . Nielsen ratings . Broadcasting & Cable , 135 April 25 : 25
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , D. R. and Green , L. R. 1999 . Social sanction and threat explanations of gender effects on direct and indirect aggression . Aggressive Behavior , 25 : 425 – 434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano , A. 2005 . Fox's greatest hit: “Idol” propels network to first ever 18–49 season victory . Broadcasting & Cable , 135 May 30 : 10
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , A. M. , West , D. M. and Mitchell , W. 2001 . Differences in aggression, attitudes toward women, and distrust as reflected in popular music preferences . Media Psychology , 3 : 25 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharrer , E. 2001 . From wise to foolish: The portrayal of the sitcom father, 1950s–1990s . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 45 : 23 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorielli , N. 2003 . Prime-time violence 1993–2001: Has the picture really changed? . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 27 : 36 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Signorielli , N. and Bacue , A. 1999 . Recognition and respect: A content analysis of prime-time television characters across three decades . Sex Roles , 40 ( 7/8 ) : 527 – 544 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorielli , N. , Gross , L. and Morgan , M. 1982 . “ Violence in television programs: Ten years later ” . In Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the eighties. , Edited by: Pearl , D. , Bouthilet , L. and Lazar , J. 158 – 173 . Rockville, MD : National Institute of Mental Health. .
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , G. G. and Sparks , C. W. 2002 . “ Effects of media violence ” . In Media effects: Advances in theory and research. , Edited by: Bryant , J. and Zillmann , D. 269 – 285 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• St. Lawrence , J. S. and Joyner , D. J. 1991 . The effects of sexually violent rock music on males' acceptance of violence against women . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 15 : 49 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wester , S. R. , Crown , C. L. , Quatman , G. L. and Heesacker , M. 1997 . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 21 : 497 – 508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , B. J. , Smith , S. L. , Potter , W. J. , Kunkel , D. , Linz , D. Colvin , C. M. 2002 . Violence in children's television programming: Assessing the risks . Journal of Communication , 52 : 5 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, A. (2006, February 7). Dr. Zimmerman's Tuesday tips: Tip #295 on conflict and difficult people. Retrieved June 3, 2006, from http://tuesdaytip.com/index.php/2006/02/
   Google Scholar