Gendered Profiles of Olympic History: Sportscaster Dialogue in the 2008 Beijing Olympics

References

• Bairner , A. 2001 . Sport, nationalization, and globalization: European and North American perspectives , Albany, NY : SUNY .
   Google Scholar
• Billings , A. C. 2007 . From diving boards to pole vaults: Gendered athlete portrayals in the “big four” sports at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics. . Southern Communication Journal , 72 ( 4 ) : 329 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Billings , A. C. 2008 . Olympic media: Inside the biggest show on television , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Billings , A. C. and Angelini , J. R. 2007 . Packaging the games for viewer consumption: Gender, ethnicity, and nationality in NBC's coverage of the 2004 Summer Olympics. . Communication Quarterly , 55 ( 1 ) : 95 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Billings , A. C. , Brown , C. L. , Crout , J. H. , McKenna , K. E. , Rice , B. A. , Timanus , M. E. and Zeigler , J. 2008 . The Games through the NBC lens: Gender, ethnic and national equity in the 2006 Torino Winter Olympics. . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 52 ( 2 ) : 215 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings , A. C. and Eastman , S. T. 2002 . Gender, ethnicity, and nationality: Formation of identity in NBC's 2000 Olympic coverage. . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 37 ( 3 ) : 349 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Billings , A. C. and Eastman , S. T. 2003 . Framing identities: Gender, ethnic, and national parity in network announcing of the 2002 Winter Olympics. . Journal of Communication , 53 ( 4 ) : 369 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings , A. C. , Halone , K. and Denham , B. 2002 . “Man, that was a pretty shot”: An analysis of gendered broadcast commentary surrounding the 2000 men's and women's NCAA Final Four basketball championships. . Mass Communication & Society , 5 ( 3 ) : 295 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Bishop , R. 2003 . Missing in action: Feature coverage of women's sports in . Sports Illustrated. Journal of Sport & Social Issue , 27 ( 2 ) : 184 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissell , K. and Duke , A. 2007 . Bump, set, spike: An analysis of commentary and camera angles of women's beach volleyball during the 2004 Summer Olympics. . Journal of Promotion Management , 13 ( 1/2 ) : 35 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Bissell , K. and Holt , A. Who's got game?: Gender bias in coverage of the 2004 Olympic Games on the web. Paper presented at the national conference of the International Communication Association . New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant , J. 1980 . A two-year selective investigation of the female in sport as reported in the paper media. . Arena Review , 4 ( 2 ) : 32 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. A. 1960 . Coefficient for agreement of nominal scales. . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 20 ( 1 ) : 37 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , M. and Kaufman , M. R. 2006 . “ Sex differences versus social processes in the construction of gender. ” . In Sex differences and similarities in communication , Edited by: Dindia , K. and Canary , D. J. 179 – 194 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Cyphers , L. and Roenigk , A. 2008, Aug. 11 . The Olympics are for girls. . ESPN: The Magazine , : 5
   Google Scholar
• Czisma , K. , Wittig , A. and Schurr , K. 1988 . Sport stereotypes and gender. . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 10 ( 1 ) : 62 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan , M. C. 1990 . Sports photography and sexual differences: Images of women and men in the 1984 and 1988 Olympic Games. . Sociology of Sport Journal , 7 ( 1 ) : 22 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, M. C. (1992). Gender bias in televised sports. FAIR website. Retrieved July 2, 2008, from. http://www.fair.org/extra/9200/sports-bias.html
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , M. C. and Hasbrook , C. A. 1988 . Denial of power in televised women's sports. . Sociology of Sport Journal , 5 ( 1 ) : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , M. C. , Messner , M. A. , Williams , L. and Jensen , K. 1990 . Gender stereotyping in televised sports , Los Angeles : Amateur Athletic Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , M. C. and Sayaovong , A. 1990 . Photographic images and gender in . Sports Illustrated for Kids. Play and Culture , 3 ( 2 ) : 91 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Eastman , S. T. and Billings , A. C. 1999 . Gender parity in the Olympics: Hyping women athletes, favoring men athletes. . Journal of Sport & Social Issues , 23 ( 2 ) : 140 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Eastman , S. T. and Billings , A. C. 2000 . Sportscasting and sports reporting. . Journal of Sport & Social Issues , 24 ( 2 ) : 192 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Eastman , S. T. , Newton , G. D. and Pack , L. 1996 . Promoting primetime programs in mega-sporting events. . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 40 ( 3 ) : 366 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong, M., & Blumenstein R. (2008). A woman's place is here. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121934539939160961.html?mod=googlenews_wsj
   Google Scholar
• Goffman , E. 1974 . Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , P. 1998 . Strong women, deep closets , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Gruneau , R. 1989 . “ Making spectacle: A case study in television sports production. ” . In Media, Sports and Society , Edited by: Wenner , L. 134 – 154 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Halbert , C. and Latimer , M. 1994 . “Battling” gendered language: An analysis of the language used by sports commentators in a televised coed tennis competition. . Sociology of Sport Journal , 11 ( 3 ) : 298 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardin , M. , Lynn , S. and Walsdorf , K. 2005 . Challenge and conformity on “contested terrain”: Images of women in four women's sport/fitness magazines. . Sex Roles , 53 ( 1–2 ) : 105 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves , J. A. 1994 . Sporting females: Critical issues in the history and sociology of women's sports , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hiestand , M. 2008, Aug. 25 . NBC scores mixed bag of pros, cons. . USA Today , : 3C
   Google Scholar
• Jones , R. , Murrell , A. and Jackson , J. 1999 . Pretty versus powerful in the sports pages. . Journal of Sport & Social Issues , 23 ( 2 ) : 183 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Kane , M. J. 1995 . Resistance/transformation of the oppositional binary: Exposing sport as a continuum. . Journal of Sport & Social Issues , 19 ( 1 ) : 191 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Kane , M. J. and Snyder , E. 1989 . Sport typing: The social “containment” of women in sport. . Arena Review , 13 ( 2 ) : 77 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Matteo , S. 1986 . The effect of sex and gender-schematic processing on sport participation. . Sex Roles , 15 ( 7/8 ) : 417 – 432 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCombs , M. E. and Ghanem , S. 2001 . “ Convergence of agenda-setting and framing. ” . In Framing public life , Edited by: Reese , S. D. , Gandy , O. H. and Grant , A. E. 67 – 82 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• McCombs , M. E. and Shaw , D. L. 1972 . The agenda-setting function of mass media. . Public Opinion Quarterly , 36 ( 2 ) : 176 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee , S. 2004, August 18 . An Olympic pose isn't what it used to be. . The Wall Street Journal , : A8
   Google Scholar
• Messner , M. 1988 . “ Boyhood, organized sports, and the construction of masculinities. ” . In Men's Lives , Edited by: Messner , M. 109 – 121 . Boston, MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Messner , M. 1990 . Men studying masculinity: Some epistemological issues in sport sociology. . Sociology of Sport Journal , 7 ( 2 ) : 136 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messner , M. A. , Duncan , M. C. and Wachs , F. L. 1996 . The gender of audience building: Televised coverage of women's and men's NCAA basketball. . Sociological Inquiry , 66 ( 4 ) : 422 – 440 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabo , D. 1985 . Sport, patriarchy, and male identity: New questions about men and sports. . Arena Review , 9 ( 1 ) : 1 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Sage , G. 1998 . Power and ideology in American sport: A critical perspective , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Salwen , M. and Wood , B. 1994 . Depictions of female athletes on Sports Illustrated covers, 1957–1989. . Journal of Sport Behavior , 17 ( 2 ) : 98 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Schell , L. 1999 . Socially constructing the female athlete: A monolithic media representation of active women , Denton, TX : Texas Women's University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Snyder , E. and Spreitzer , E. 1983 . Change and variation in the social acceptance of female participation in sports. . Journal of Sport Behavior , 6 ( 1 ) : 3 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Tankard , J. W. 2001 . “ The empirical approach to the study of media framing. ” . In Framing public life , Edited by: Reese , S. D. , Gandy , O. H. and Grant , A. E. 95 – 106 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Theberge , N. 1985 . “ Toward a feminist alternative to sport as a male preserve. ” . In Women, sport, and culture , Edited by: Birrell , S. and Cole , C. L. 181 – 192 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Trujillo , N. 1991 . Hegemonic masculinity on the mound: Media representation of Nolan Ryan and American sport culture. . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 8 ( 3 ) : 290 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuchman , G. 1978 . Making news: A study in the construction of reality , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tuggle , C. A. , Huffman , S. and Rosengard , D. S. 2002 . A descriptive analysis of NBC's coverage of the 2000 Summer Olympics. . Mass Communication and Society , 5 ( 3 ) : 361 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Wenner , L. 2006 . “ Sports and media through the super glass mirror: Placing blame, breast-beating, and a gaze to the future. ” . In Handbook of Sport and Media , Edited by: Raney , A. and Bryant , J. 45 – 62 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar