The Players They are A-Changin': The Rise of Older MMO Gamers

References

• Bartle , R. 1996 . Hearts, clubs, diamonds, spades: Players who suit MUDs . Journal of MUD Research , : 1
   Google Scholar
• Basak , C. , Boot , W. R. , Voss , M. W. and Kramer , A. F. 2008 . Can training in a real-time strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older adults? . Psychology & Aging , 23 : 765 – 777 . doi: 10.1037/a0013494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , J. C. and Wade , M. 2004 . Got game: How the gamer generation is reshaping business forever Boston : Harvard Business School Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Berelson , B. 1949 . “ What “missing the newspaper” means ” . In Communication research, 1948–1949 Edited by: Lazarsfeld , P. F. and Stanton , F. N. New York , Duell : Sloan and Pearce. .
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , N. , Schultheiss , D. and Schumann , C. 2012 . “I'm attached, and I'm a good guy/gal!”: How character attachment influences pro- and anti-social motivations to play massively multiplayer online role-playing games . Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking , 15 : 169 – 174 . doi: 10.1089/cyber.2011.0311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castronova , E. , Williams , D. , Shen , C. , Ratan , R. , Xiong , L. , Huang , Y. and Keegan , B. 2009 . As real as real? Macroeconomic behavior in a large-scale virtual world . New Media & Society , 11 : 685 – 707 . doi: 10.1177/1461444809105346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , C. , Pan , W. , Tseng , L. and Stoffregen , T. 2012 . Postural activity and motion sickness during video game play in children and adults . Experimental Brain Research , 217 : 299 – 309 . doi: 10.1007/s00221–011-2993–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cifaldi , F. 2011 . “ Teen-focused MMO Wizard101 approaches 20 million US registrations ” . In Gamasutra July 6
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, , 2nd ed. Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Dervin , B. , Foreman-Wernet , L. and Lauterbach , E. 2003 . Sense-making methodology reader: Selected writings of Brenda Dervin Cresskill , N.J. : Hampton Press. .
   Google Scholar
• De Schutter , B. 2011 . Never too old to play: The appeal of digital games to an older audience . Games and Culture , 6 : 155 – 170 . doi: 10.1177/1555412010364978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Schutter , B. and Abeele , V. Designing meaningful play within the psychosocial context of older adults . Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Fun and Games (Fun and Games 1910) . pp. 84 – 93 . New York, NY , , USA : ACM. . doi: 10.1145/1823818.1823827.
   Google Scholar
• Entertainment Software Association. 2011 . Essential facts about the computer and videogame industry . TheEsa.Com , June 7
   Google Scholar
• Erikson , E. H. , Erikson , J. M. and Kivnick , H. Q. 1986 . Vital involvement in old age New York : Norton. .
   Google Scholar
• Ford , S. 2011 . Wizard101 review: Cross generational magic November 28 MMORPG.Com
   Google Scholar
• Geertz , C. 1973 . The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays New York : Basic Books. .
   Google Scholar
• George , D. and Mallery , P. 2003 . SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update, , 4th edition Boston : Allyn & Bacon. .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , B. , Sherry , J. , Lachlan , K. , Lucas , K. and Holmstrom , A. 2010 . Orientations to video games among gender and age groups . Simulation & Gaming , 41 : 238 – 259 . doi: 10.1177/1046878108319930
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths , M. , Davies , M. and Chappell , D. 2004a . Demographic factors and playing variables in online computer gaming . CyberPsychology & Behavior , 7 : 479 – 487 . doi: 10.1089/1094931041774631
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffiths , M. , Davies , M. and Chappell , D. 2004b . Online computer gaming: A comparison of adolescent and adult gamers . Journal of Adolescence , 27 : 87 – 96 . doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog , H. 1942 . “ Professor quiz: A gratification study ” . In Radio research, 1941. Edited by: Lazarsfeld , P. F. and Stanton , F. N. New York : Duell, Sloan and Pearce. .
   Google Scholar
• Hou , J. 2011 . Uses and gratifications of social games: Blending social networking and game play . First Monday , : 16
   Google Scholar
• Katz , E. K. , Blumler , J. G. and Gurevitch , M. 1973 . Uses and gratifications research . Public Opinion Quarterly , 37 : 509 – 524 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoo , E. , Merritt , T. and Cheok , A. 2009 . Designing physical and social intergenerational family entertainment . Interacting with Computers , 21 : 76 – 87 . doi: 10.1016/j.intcom.2008.10.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh , C. 2008 . Wizard101—Video game review Common Sense Media. .
   Google Scholar
• Lansford , J. E. , Sherman , A. M. and Antonucci , T. C. 1998 . Satisfaction with social networks: An examination of socioemotional selectivity theory across cohorts . Psychology and Aging , 13 : 544 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S. J. , Bartolic , S. and Vandewater , E. 2009 . Predicting children's media use in the USA: Differences in cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 27 : 123 – 143 . doi: 10.1348/026151008X401336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas , K. and Sherry , J. 2004 . Sex differences in video game play: A communication-based explanation . Communication Research , 31 : 499 – 523 . doi: 10.1177/0093650204267930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta , P. and Josephs , R. A. 2006 . Testosterone change after losing predicts the decision to compete again . Hormones and Behavior , 50 : 684 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyrowitz , J. 1997 . Shifting worlds of strangers: Medium theory and changes in “them” versus “us.” . Sociological Inquiry , 67 : 59 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neighbour , R. H. 1985 . The family life-cycle . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (Supplement) , 78 : 11 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newhagen , J. E. and Rafaeli , S. 1996 . Why communication researchers should study the Internet: A dialogue . Journal of Communication , 46 : 4 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce , C. 2008 . The truth about baby boomer gamers: A study of over-forty computer game players . Games and Culture , 3 : 142 – 174 . doi: 10.1177/1555412005281418
   Google Scholar
• Quandt , T. , Grueninger , H. and Wimmer , J. 2009 . The gray haired gaming generation: Findings from an explorative interview study on older computer gamers . Games and Culture , 4 : 27 – 46 . doi: 10.1177/1555412008325480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , D. F. and Foehr , U. G. 2008 . Trends in media use . Future of Children , 18 : 11 – 37 . doi: 10.1353/foc.0.0000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royse , P. , Lee , J. , Undrahbuyan , B. , Hopson , M. and Consalvo , M. 2007 . Women and games: Technologies of the gendered self . New Media and Society , 9 : 555 – 576 . doi: 10.1177/1461444807080322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , A. M. 1994 . “ Media uses and effects: A uses-and-gratifications perspective ” . In Media effects: Advances in theory and research Edited by: Bryant , J. and Zillmann , D. 417 – 436 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Shen , C. and Williams , D. 2011 . Unpacking time online: Connecting internet and massively multiplayer online game use with psychosocial well-being . Communication Research , 38 : 123 – 149 . doi: 10.1177/009365021037719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherry , J. L. , Lucas , K. , Greenberg , B. and Lachlan , K. 2006 . “ Video game uses and gratifications as predictors of use and game preference ” . In Playing computer games: Motives, responses, and consequences Edited by: Vorderer , P. and Bryant , J. Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Stanton , S. J. and Schultheiss , O. C. 2007 . Basal and dynamic relationships between implicit power motivation and estradiol in women . Hormones and Behavior , 52 : 571 – 580 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman , E. 1942 . “ An invitation to music ” . In Radio research, 1941 Edited by: Lazarsfeld , P. F. and Stanton , F. N. New York , Duell : Sloan and Pearce. .
   Google Scholar
• Tamborini , R. , Bowman , N. , Eden , A. , Grizzard , M. and Organ , A. 2010 . Defining media enjoyment as the satisfaction of intrinsic needs . Journal of Communication , 60 : 758 – 777 . doi: 10.1111/j.1460–2466.2010.01513.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandewater , E. A. , Park , S. E. , Huang , X. and Wartella , E. A. 2005 . No–you can't watch that . American Behavioral Scientist , 48 : 608 – 623 . doi: 10.1177/0002764204271497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walma van der Molen , J. and Jongbloed , W. Free online games: An exploratory uses and gratifications study of free games on the Internet . Paper presented at the 57th conference of the International Communication Association . San Francisco .
   Google Scholar
• Warburton , J. and Gooch , M. 2007 . Stewardship volunteering by older Australians: The generative response . Local Environment , 12 : 43 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , J. B. III , Mays , D. , Sargent Weaver , S. , Kannenberg , W. , Hopkins , G. L. , Eroĝlu , D. and Bernhardt , J. M. 2009 . Health-risk correlates of video-game playing among adults . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 37 : 299 – 305 . doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , D. 2010 . “ The perils and promise of large-scale data extraction ” . In In title TBA Chicago : MacArthur Foundation. . Pre-press version online at http://dmitriwilliams.com/research.html.
   Google Scholar
• Williams , D. , Consalvo , M. , Caplan , S. and Yee , N. 2009 . Looking for gender (LFG): Gender roles and behaviors among online gamers . Journal of Communication , 59 : 700 – 725 . doi: 10.1111/j.1460–2466.2009.01453.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , D. , Kennedy , T. and Moore , R. 2010 . Behind the avatar: The patterns, practices and functions of role playing in MMOs . Games & Culture , 6 : 171 – 200 . doi: 10.1177/1555412010364983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , D. , Yee , N. and Caplan , S. 2008 . Who plays, how much, and why? Debunking the stereotypical gamer profile . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 13 : 993 – 1018 . doi: 10.1111/j.1083–6101.2008.00428.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee , N. The demographics and derived experiences of users of massively multi-user online graphical environments . The 55th International Communication Association Annual Conference . May 2005 , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Yee , N. 2006 . Motivations for play in online games . CyberPsychology & Behavior , 9 : 772 – 775 . doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.772
   PubMedGoogle Scholar