Video Killed the News Article? Comparing Multimodal Framing Effects in News Videos and Articles

References

• Arceneaux, K., & Johnson, M. (2013). Changing minds or changing channels?: Partisan news in an age of choice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arpan, L. M., Baker, K., Youngwon, L., Taejin, J., Lorusso, L., & Smith, J. (2006). News coverage of social protests and the effects of photographs on prior attitudes. Mass Communication & Society, 9(1), 1–20. doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0901_1
   Google Scholar
• Barry, A. M. (1997). Visual intelligence: Perception, image, and manipulation in visual communication. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beam, R. A., Weaver, D. H., & Brownlee, B. J. (2009). Changes in professionalism of US journalists in the turbulent twenty-first century. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 86(2), 277–298. doi:10.1177/107769900908600202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleiker, R., Campbell, D., Hutchison, E., & Nicholson, X. (2013). The visual dehumanisation of refugees. Australian Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 398–416. doi:10.1080/10361146.2013.840769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blondé, J., & Girandola, F. (2016). Revealing the elusive effects of vividness: A meta-analysis of empirical evidences assessing the effect of vividness on persuasion. Social Influence, 11(2), 111–129. doi:10.1080/15534510.2016.1157096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock, M. A. (2015). Showing versus telling: Comparing online video from newspaper and television websites. Journalism, 17(4), 439–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boomgaarden, H., Boukes, M., & Iorgoveanu, A. (2016). Image versus text: How newspaper reports affect evaluations of political candidates. International Journal of Communication, 10, 2229–2555.
   Google Scholar
• Broadbent, D. E. (1956). Successive responses to simultaneous stimuli. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 8(4), 145–152. doi:10.1080/17470215608416814
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosius, H. B. (1993). The effects of emotional pictures in television news. Communication Research, 20(1), 105–124. doi:10.1177/009365093020001005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G. (1996). Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 197. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 752–766. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, R., & Wu, D. (2015). Image and emotion in voter decisions: The affect agenda. Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Craik, E., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671–676. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-X
   Google Scholar
• Dan, V. (2018). Integrative framing analysis: Framing health through words and visuals. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• De Vreese, C. H. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information Design Journal & Document Design, 13(1).
   Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., & Buchner, A. (1996). GPOWER: A general power analysis program. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28(1), 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Fahmy, S., Bock, M., & Wanta, W. (2014). Visual communication theory and research: A mass communication perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43(5), 349–358. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia, M., & Stark, P. (1991). Eyes on the news. St Petersburg, FL: Poynter Institute for Media Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Geise, S., & Baden, C. (2014). Putting the image back into the frame: Modeling the linkage between visual communication and frame-processing theory. Communication Theory. doi:10.1111/comt.12048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabe, M. E., & Bucy, E. P. (2009). Image bite politics: News and the visual framing of elections: News and the visual framing of elections. USA: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graber, D. A. (1996). Say it with pictures. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 546(1), 85–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, M. C., Kass, S., Carrey, J., Herzig, B., Feeney, R., & Sabini, J. (2008). Transportation across media: Repeated exposure to print and film. Media Psychology, 11, 512–539. doi:10.1080/15213260802492000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, R. J., Neuwirth, K., Giese, J., & Dunwoody, S. (2002). Linking the heuristic-systematic model and depth of processing. Communication Research, 29(6), 705–732. doi:10.1177/009365002237833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. (Second ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Iyer, A., Webster, J., Hornsey, M. J., & Vanman, E. J. (2014). Understanding the power of the picture: The effect of image content on emotional and political responses to terrorism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(7), 511–521. doi:10.1111/jasp.2014.44.issue-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalogeropoulos, A., Cherubini, F., & Newman, N. (2016) The future of online news video. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Digital News Project Report.
   Google Scholar
• Kress, G. R., & Van Leeuwen, T. (1996). Reading images: The grammar of visual design. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kühne, R. (2012, May). Political news, emotions, and opinion formation: Toward a model of emotional framing effects. In Annual Conference of the International Communication Association (ICA), Phoenix, AZ.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, A. (1995). Defining audio/video redundancy from a limited capacity information processing perspective. Communication Research, 22, 86–115. doi:10.1177/009365095022001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A. (2000). The limited capacity model of mediated message processing. Journal of Communication, 50(1), 46–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A., Bolls, P., Potter, R. F., & Kawahara, K. (1999). The effects of production pacing and arousing content on the information processing of television messages. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43(4), 451–475. doi:10.1080/08838159909364504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A., Potter, R. F., & Bolls, P. D. (1999). Something for nothing: Is visual encoding automatic? Media Psychology, 1(2), 145–163. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0102_4
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York. NY, US: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lecheler, S., & De Vreese, C. H. (2012). News framing and public opinion: A mediation analysis of framing effects on political attitudes. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 82(2), 185–204.
   Google Scholar
• Lecheler, S., Bos, L., & Vliegenthart, R. (2015). The mediating role of emotions: News framing effects on opinions about immigration. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 92(4), 812–838. doi:10.1177/1077699015596338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. I., & Eveland Jr, W. P. (2005). Education, need for cognition, and campaign interest as moderators of news effects on political knowledge: An analysis of the knowledge gap. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 82(4), 910–929.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, R. E. (2009) Multimedia learning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Messaris, P., & Abraham, L. (2001). The role of images in framing news stories. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life (pp. 215–226). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, D. L., Reed, V. S., & Walling, J. R. (1976). Pictorial superiority effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 523–528.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson, T. E., Oxley, Z. M., & Clawson, R. A. (1997). Toward a psychology of framing effects. Political Behavior, 19(3), 221–246. doi:10.1023/A:1024834831093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paivio, A. (1991). Images in Mind. New York. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
   Google Scholar
• Pfau, M., Holbert, R. L., Zubric, S. J., Pasha, N. H., & Lin, W. K. (2000). Role and influence of communication modality in the process of resistance to persuasion. Media Psychology, 2(1), 1–33. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0201_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus, H., Wojcieszak, M., & Boomgarden, H. (2017). Do multimedia matter? Cognitive and affective effects of embedded multimedia journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(3), 747–771.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, T. E., Boomgaarden, H. G., De Swert, K., & de Vreese, C. H. (2015). A clearer picture: The contribution of visuals and text to framing effects. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 997–1017. doi:10.1111/jcom.12184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, T. E., Boomgaarden, H. G., De Swert, K., & de Vreese, C. H. (2018). Framing fast and slow: A dual processing account of multimodal framing effects. Media Psychology. doi:10.1080/15213269.2018.1476891
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, L., & Dimitrova, D. V. (2011). The levels of visual framing. Journal of Visual Literacy, 30(1), 48–65. doi:10.1080/23796529.2011.11674684
   Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuck, R. T., & de Vreese, C. H. (2006). Between risk and opportunity: News framing and its effects on public support for EU enlargement. European Journal of Communication, 21, 5–31.
   Google Scholar
• Seo, K., & Dillard, J. (2016). The Persuasive Effects of Two Stylistic Elements: Framing and Imagery. Communication Research, 0093650215626979.
   Google Scholar
• Severin, W. (1967). Another look at cue summation. AV Communication Review, 15, 233–245. doi:10.1007/BF02768608.
   Google Scholar
• Sparks, J. R., Areni, C. S., & Cox, K. C. (1998). An investigation of the effects of language style and communication modality on persuasion. Communications Monographs, 65(2), 108–125.
   Google Scholar
• Sundar, S. S. (2000). Multimedia effects on processing and perception of online news: A study of picture, audio, and video downloads. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77, 480–499. doi:10.1177/107769900007700302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tukachinsky, R., Mastro, D., & King, A. (2011). Is a picture worth a thousand words? The effect of race-related visual and verbal exemplars on attitudes and support for social policies. Mass Communication and Society, 14(6), 720–742. doi:10.1080/15205436.2010.530385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unnava, H. R., Burnkrant, R. E., & Erevelles, S. (1994). Effects of presentation order and communication modality on recall and attitude. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(3), 481–490. doi:10.1086/jcr.1994.21.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Driel, I. I., Grabe, M. E., Bas, O., & Kleemans, M. (2016). Demographic variation in how the social brain processes news messages. Politics and the Life Sciences, 35(1), 61–73.
   Google Scholar
• Van Gorp, B. (2005). Where is the frame? Victims and intruders in the Belgian press coverage of the asylum issue. European Journal of Communication, 20(4), 484–507. doi:10.1177/0267323105058253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vis, F., & Goriunova, O. (Eds.). (2015). The iconic image on social media: A rapid research response to the death of aylan kurdi.
   Google Scholar
• Wolski, S., & Nabi, R. L. (2000, June). Message processing quality: Confirmatory analysis of an elaboration depth measure. Paper presented at the 50th annual conference of the International Communication Association, Acapulco, Mexico.
   Google Scholar
• Zelizer, B. (2010). About to die: How news images move the public. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann, D., Gibson, R., & Sargent, S. L. (1999). Effects of photographs in news- magazine reports on issue perception. Media Psychology, 1(3), 207–228. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0103_2
   Google Scholar