Talking Politics and Engaging in Activism: The Influence of Publics’ Social Networks on Corporations in the Public Sphere

References

• Agresti, A., & Agresti, B. F. (1978). Statistical analysis of qualitative variation. Sociological Methodology, 9, 204–237. doi:10.2307/270810
   Google Scholar
• Baek, Y. M. (2010). To buy or not to buy: Who are political consumers? What do they think and how do they participate? Political Studies, 58(5), 1065–1086. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2010.00832.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearman, P., & Parigi, P. (2004). Cloning headless frogs and other important matters: Conversation topics and network structure. Social Forces, 83(2), 535–557. doi:10.1353/sof.2005.0001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benkler, Y., Roberts, H., Faris, R., Solow-Niederman, A., & Etling, B. (2015). Social mobilization and the networked public sphere: Mapping the SOPA-PIPA debate. Political Communication, 32(4), 594–624. doi:10.1080/10584609.2014.986349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, R. S. (1984). Network items and the General Social Survey. Social Networks, 6(45), 293–339. doi:10.1016/0378-8733(84)90007-8
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, S. W., & Kwak, N. (2011). Political involvement in “mobilized” society: The interactive relationships among mobile communication, network characteristics, and political participation. Journal of Communication, 61(6), 1005–1024. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01601.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carberry, E. J., Bharati, P., Levy, D. L., & Chaudhury, A. (2017). Social movements as catalysts for corporate social innovation: Environmental activism and the adoption of green information systems. Business & Society, 58(5), 1083–1127. doi:10.1177/0007650317701674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, J. W. (1995). The press, public opinion, and public discourse. In T. L. Glasser & C. T. Salmon (Eds.), Public opinion and the communication of consent (pp. 373–402). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (2008). The new public sphere: Global civil Society, communication networks, and global governance. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 78–93. doi:10.1177/0002716207311877
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corning, A. F., & Myers, D. J. (2002). Individual orientation toward engagement in social action. Political Psychology, 23(4), 703–729. doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corning, A. F., & Myers, D. J. (2013). Activism orientation scale (AOS). Measurement instrument database for the social science. Retrieved from www.midss.ie
   Google Scholar
• Crossley, N., Bellotti, E., Edwards, G., Everett, M. G., Koskinen, J., & Tranmer, M. (2015). Social network analysis for ego-nets: Social network analysis for actor-centred networks. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlgren, P. (2009). Media and political engagement: Citizens, communication, and democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Zúñiga, H. G., Copeland, L., & Bimber, B. (2014). Political consumerism: Civic engagement and the social media connection. New Media & Society, 16(3), 488–506. doi:10.1177/1461444813487960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey, J. (1927). The public and its problems. New York, NY: Henry Holt.
   Google Scholar
• Erickson, B. H. (1988). The relational basis of attitudes. In B. Wellman & S. D. Berkowitz (Eds.), Structural analysis in the social sciences, Vol. 2. Social structures: A network approach (pp. 99–121). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., & Hively, M. H. (2009). Political discussion frequency, network size, and “heterogeneity” of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation. Journal of Communication, 59(2), 205–224. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01412.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., & Hutchens, M. J. (2013). The role of conversation in developing accurate political perceptions: A multilevel social network approach. Human Communication Research, 39(4), 422–444. doi:10.1111/hcre.12011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., Hutchens, M. J., & Morey, A. C. (2013). Political network size and its antecedents and consequences. Political Communication, 30(3), 371–394. doi:10.1080/10584609.2012.737433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., & Kleinman, S. B. (2013). Comparing general and political discussion networks within voluntary organizations using social network analysis. Political Behavior, 35(1), 65–87. doi:10.1007/s11109-011-9187-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farah, M. F., & Newman, A. J. (2010). Exploring consumer boycott intelligence using a socio-cognitive approach. Journal of Business Research, 63(4), 347–355. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.03.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A Contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social Text, 26–25(1), 56–80. Retrieved from http://carbonfarm.us/amap/fraser_public.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Friedkin, N. E., & Johnsen, E. C. (2011). Social influence network theory: A sociological examination of small group dynamics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Galandini, S., & Fieldhouse, E. (2019). Discussants that mobilise: Ethnicity, political discussion networks and voter turnout in Britain. Electoral Studies, 57(1), 163–173. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2018.12.003
   Google Scholar
• Getz, K. A. (1997). Research in corporate political action: Integration and assessment. Business & Society, 36(1), 32–72. doi:10.1177/000765039703600103
   Google Scholar
• Gil de Zúñiga, H., & Valenzuela, S. (2011). The mediating path to a stronger citizenship: Online and offline networks, weak ties, and civic engagement. Communication Research, 38(3), 397–421. doi:10.1177/0093650210384984
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlieb, M. R. (2015). Civic, cooperative or contrived? A functional approach to political consumerism motivations. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39(5), 552–563. doi:10.1111/ijcs.2015.39.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlieb, M. R., & Cheema, S. E. (2017). From consumer to producer: motivations, internet use, and political consumerism. Information, Communication & Society, 20(4), 570–586. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2016.1202301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380. doi:10.1086/225469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. S. (1983). The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory, 1(1), 201–233. doi:10.2307/202051
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, P. S., Feldman, L., Leiserowitz, A., & Maibach, E. (2015). Extending the impacts of hostile media perceptions: Influences on discussion and opinion polarization in the context of climate change. Science Communication, 37(4), 506–532. doi:10.1177/1075547015592067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenbeck, C. R., & Zinkhan, G. M. (2006). Consumer activism on the internet: The role of anti-brand communities. In C. Pechmann & L. Price (Eds.), Advances in Consumer Research (Vol. 33, pp. 479–485). Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research.
   Google Scholar
• Huckfeldt, R., Johnson, P. E., & Sprague, J. (2004). Political disagreement: The survival of diverse opinions within communication networks. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511617102
   Google Scholar
• Huckfeldt, R., Mendez, J. M., & Osborn, T. (2004). Disagreement, ambivalence, and engagement: The political consequences of heterogeneous networks. Political Psychology, 25(1), 65–95. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00357.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckfeldt, R., & Sprague, J. (1987). Networks in context: The social flow of political information. The American Political Science Review, 81(4), 1197–1216. doi:10.2307/1962585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutter, K., Hoffmann, S., & Mai, R. (2016). Carrotmob: a win–win–win approach to creating benefits for consumers, business, and society at large. Business & Society, 55(7), 1059–1077. doi:10.1177/0007650315576367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda, I., & Boase, J. (2011). Multiple discussion networks and their consequence for political participation. Communication Research, 38(5), 660–683. doi:10.1177/0093650210395063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaac, M. (2017, February 2). Uber C.E.O. to leave Trump advisory council after criticism. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/technology/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-trump-advisory-council.html
   Google Scholar
• John, A., & Klein, J. (2003). The boycott puzzle: consumer motivations for purchase sacrifice. Management Science, 49(9), 1196–1209. doi:10.1287/mnsc.49.9.1196.16569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, M. (2017, January 30). Hashtag delete Uber: Uprising triggered by support of President Trump. Retrieved from https://www.valuewalk.com/2017/01/delete-uber-uprising-trump/
   Google Scholar
• Kang, J. (2012). A volatile public: The 2009 Whole Foods boycott on Facebook. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(4), 562–577. doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.732142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, E. (1995). Introduction. In T. L. Glasser & C. T. Salmon (Eds.), Public opinion and the communication of consent (pp. xxi–xxxiv). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Keele, L., & Wolak, J. (2008). Contextual sources of ambivalence. Political Psychology, 29(5), 653–673. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00659.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. J., & Cameron, G. T. (2011). Emotions matter in crisis: The role of anger and sadness in the publics’ response to crisis news framing and corporate crisis response. Communication Research, 38(6), 826–855. doi:10.1177/0093650210385813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. (2011). The contribution of social network sites to exposure to political difference. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 971–977. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, A. A., & Lenox, M. J. (2000). Industry self-regulation without sanctions: The chemical industry’s responsible care program. Academy of Management Journal, 43(4), 698–716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolodinsky, R. W., Madden, T. M., Zisk, D. S., & Henkel, E. T. (2010). Attitudes about corporate social responsibility: Business student predictors. Journal of Business Ethics, 91(2), 167–181. doi:10.1007/s10551-009-0075-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozinets, R. V., & Handelman, J. M. (2004). Adversaries of consumption: Consumer movements, activism, and ideology. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(3), 691–704. doi:10.1086/jcr.2004.31.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak, N., Williams, A. E., Wang, X., & Lee, H. (2005). Talking politics and engaging politics. Communication Research, 32(1), 87–111. doi:10.1177/0093650204271400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladini, R., Mancosu, M., & Vezzoni, C. (2018). Electoral participation, disagreement, and diversity in social networks: A matter of intimacy? Communication Research. doi:10.1177/0093650218792794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagos, T. G., Coopman, T. M., & Tomhave, J. (2014). “Parallel poleis”: Towards a theoretical framework of the modern public sphere, civic engagement and the structural advantages of the internet to foster and maintain parallel socio-political institutions. New Meida & Society, 16(3), 398–414. doi:10.1177/1461444813487953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. K., Choi, J., Kim, C., & Kim, Y. (2014). Social media, network heterogeneity, and opinion polarization. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 702–722. doi:10.1111/jcom.12077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez. (2017). Why people are deleting Uber from their phones after Trump’s executive order. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/1/29/14431246/uber-trump-muslim-ban
   Google Scholar
• Lord, M. D. (2000). Corporate political strategy and legislative decision making: The impact of corporate legislative influence activities. Business & Society, 39(1), 76–93. doi:10.1177/000765030003900106
   Google Scholar
• Makarem, S. C., & Jae, H. (2016). Consumer boycott behavior: An exploratory analysis of twitter feeds. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 50(1), 193–223. doi:10.1111/joca.2016.50.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden, P. V. (1987). Core discussion networks of Americans. American Sociological Review, 52(1), 122–131. doi:10.2307/2095397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden, P. V. (2005). Recent developments in network measurement. In P. J. Carrington, J. Scott, & S. Wasserman (Eds.), Models and methods in social network analysis (pp. 8–30). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.2277/0521809592
   Google Scholar
• Marsden, P. V., & Friedkin, N. E. (1993). Network studies of social influence. Sociological Methods & Research, 22(1), 127–151. doi:10.1177/0049124193022001006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson, M., Lynn, S.-L., & Brashears, M. E. (2006). Social isolation in America: Changes in core discussion networks over two decades. American Sociological Review, 71(3), 353–375. doi:10.1177/000312240607100301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 415–444. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra, R. (2011). Framing the corporate responsibility-reputation linkage: The case of Tata Motors in India. Public Relations Review, 37(4), 392–398. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra, R., Green, R. J., & Dutta, M. J. (2013). Corporate reputation in emerging markets: A culture-centered review and critique. In C. E. Carroll (Ed.), Handbook of communication and corporate reputation (pp. 484–496). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Mutz, D. C. (2002a). Cross-Cutting social networks : Testing democratic theory in practice cross-cutting social networks : Testing democratic theory in practice. American Political Science Review, 96(March), 111–126. doi:10.1017/S0003055402004264
   Google Scholar
• Mutz, D. C. (2002b). Cross-cutting social networks: Testin theory in practice. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 111–126. doi:10.1017/S0003055402004264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilson, L. A., & Paxton, P. (2010). Social capital and political consumerism: A multilevel analysis. Social Problems, 57(1), 5–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neubaum, G., & Krämer, N. C. (2017). Opinion climates in social media: Blending mass and interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 43(4), 464–476. doi:10.1111/hcre.12118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nir, L. (2005). Ambivalent social networks and their consequences for participation. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 17(4), 422–442. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edh069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nir, L. (2011). Disagreement and opposition in social networks: Does disagreement discourage turnout? Political Studies, 59(3), 674–692. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2010.00873.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noelle-Neumann, E. (1993). The spiral ofsilence: Public opinion, our social skin (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, B. L., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2010). Functional specificity in discussion networks: The influence of general and problem-specific networks on health outcomes. Social Networks, 32(4), 345–357. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2010.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, B. L., Pescosolido, B. A., & Borgatti, S. P. (2018). Egocentric network analysis: Foundations, methods, and models. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Raupp, J. (2004). The public sphere as central concept of public relations. In B. van Ruler & D. Vercic (Eds.), Public relations and communication management in Europe: A nation-bynation introduction to public relations theory and practice (pp. 309–316). Berline, Germany: De Gruyter, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Raupp, J. (2011). Organizational communication in a networked public sphere. SCM Studies in Communication and Media, (1), 71–93. doi:10.5771/2192-4007-2011-1-71
   Google Scholar
• Rehbein, K., Waddock, S., & Graves, S. B. (2004). Understanding shareholder activism: Which corporations are targeted? Business & Society, 43(3), 239–267. doi:10.1177/0007650304266869
   Google Scholar
• Riordan, C. M., Gatewood, R. D., & Bill, J. B. (1997). Corporate image: Employee reactions and implications for managing corporate social performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(4), 401–412. doi:10.1023/A:1017989205184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D. A., Hardy, B. W., Brossard, D., Waismel-Manor, I. S., & Nisbet, E. (2006). Democracy based on difference: Examining the links between structural heterogeneity, heterogeneity of discussion networks, and democratic citizenship. Journal of Communication, 56(4), 728–753. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00317.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D. A., Nisbet, M. C., Brossard, D., & Nisbet, E. C. (2004). Social structure and citizenship: Examining the impacts of social setting, network heterogeneity, and informational variables on political participation. Political Communication, 21(3), 315–338. doi:10.1080/10584600490481389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair, B. (2012). The social citizen: Peer networks and political behavior. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sohn, D., & Geidner, N. (2016). Collective dynamics of the spiral of silence: The role of ego-network size. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 28(1). doi:10.1093/ijpor/edv005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, H. (2018). Primer on multilevel mediation models for egocentric social network data. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(1), 1–24. doi:10.1080/19312458.2017.1416343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755–769. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telhami, S. (2016). American attitudes on refugees from the Middle East [pdf file]. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Refugee-Questionnaire.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tindall, D. B., Cormier, J., & Diani, M. (2012). Network social capital as an outcome of social movement mobilization: Using the position generator as an indicator of social network diversity. Social Networks, 34(4), 387–395. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2011.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, S., Kim, Y., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2012). Social networks that matter: Exploring the role of political discussion for online political participation. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 163–184. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edr037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijk, J. (2012). The network society. London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wellman, B. (1979). The community question: The intimate networks of east yorkers. American Journal of Sociology, 84(5), 1201–1231. doi:10.1086/226906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman, B., & Wortley, S. (1990). Different strokes from different folks: Community ties and social support. American Journal of Sociology, 96(3), 558–588. doi:10.1086/229572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojcieszak, M., & Price, V. (2010). Bridging the divide or intensifying the conflict? How disagreement affects strong predilections about sexual minorities. Political Psychology, 31(3), 315–339. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00753.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar