Theory and method in research on audience motives

References

• Anderson , J. R. 1985 . Cognitive psychology and its implications , 2nd ed. , New York : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Babrow , A. S. 1987 . Extending and refining an expectancy‐value theory of media gratifications: Two studies in the domain of soap opera watching (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, 1986) . Dissertation Abstracts International , 47 : 2352‐A
   Google Scholar
• Babrow , A. S. , O'Keefe , B. J. , Swanson , D. L. , Meyers , R. A. and Murphy , M. A. in press . Person perception and children's impressions of television and real peers . Communication Research ,
   Google Scholar
• Babrow , A. S. and Swanson , D. L. 1988 . Disentangling antecedents of audience exposure levels: Extending expectancy‐value analyses of gratifications sought from television news . Communication Monographs , 55 : 1 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , L. B. 1979 . Measurement of gratifications . Communication Research , 6 : 54 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bern , D. J. 1967 . Self‐perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena . Psychological Review , 74 : 183 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum , A. F. and McHugh , P. 1971 . The social ascription of motives . American Sociological Review , 36 : 98 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumler , J. G. and McQuail , D. 1969 . Television in politics , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cappella , J. N. 1980 . “ Structural equation modeling: An introduction ” . In Multivariate techniques in human communication research , Edited by: Monge , P. and Cappella , J. 57 – 109 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carey , J. W. and Kreiling , A. L. 1974 . “ Popular culture and uses and gratifications: Notes toward an accomodation ” . In The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research , Edited by: Blumler , J. G. and Katz , E. 225 – 248 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L. J. and Meehl , P. E. 1955 . Construct validity in psychological tests . Psychological Bulletin , 16 : 281 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. and Zanna , M. P. 1981 . “ Direct experience and attitude‐behavior consistency ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 14 , 161 – 202 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , S. T. and Taylor , S. E. 1984 . Social cognition , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Galloway , J. J. and Meek , F. L. 1981 . Audience uses and gratifications: An expectancy model . Communication Research , 8 : 435 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , B. S. 1974 . “ Gratifications of television viewing and their correlates for British children ” . In The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research , Edited by: Blumler , J. G. and Katz , E. 71 – 92 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins , E. T. , King , G. A. and Mavin , G. H. 1982 . Individual construct accessibility and subjective impressions and recall . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 : 35 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , E. T. , Rholes , W. S. and Jones , C. R. 1977 . Category accessibility and impression formation . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 13 : 141 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jōreskog , K. and Sörbom , D. 1984 . LISREL: Analysis of linear structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood (version 6) , Mooresville, IN : Scientific Software .
   Google Scholar
• Kenny , D. A. 1979 . Correlation and causality , New York : Wiley‐lnterscience .
   Google Scholar
• Kippax , S. and Murray , J. P. 1980 . Using the mass media: Need gratification and perceived utility . Communication Research , 7 : 335 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer , E. J. , Blank , A. and Chanowitz , B. 1978 . The mindlessness of ostensibly thoughtful action: The role of “placebic”; information in interpersonal interaction . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 : 635 – 642 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy , M. R. and Windahl , S. 1985 . “ The concept of audience activity ” . In Media gratifications research: Current perspectives , Edited by: Rosengren , K. E. , Wenner , L. A. and Palmgreen , P. 109 – 122 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McGuire , W. J. 1974 . “ Psychological motives and communication gratification ” . In The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research , Edited by: Blumler , J. G. and Katz , E. 167 – 196 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McPhee , R. D. and Babrow , A. S. 1987 . Causal modeling in communication research: Use, disuse, and misuse . Communication Monographs , 54 : 344 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPhee , R. D. and Poole , M. S. 1982 . “ Mathematical modeling in communication research: An overview ” . In Communication yearbook 5 , Edited by: Burgoon , M. 159 – 191 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Books .
   Google Scholar
• McQuail , D. , Blumler , J. G. and Brown , J. 1972 . “ The television audience: A revised perspective ” . In Sociology of mass communications , Edited by: McQuail , D. 135 – 165 . Harmondsworth, , England : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Markus , H. and Zajonc , R. B. 1985 . “ The cognitive perspective in social psychology ” . In Handbook of social psychology , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Lindzey , G. and Aronson , E. Vol. 1 , 137 – 230 . New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Meadowcroft , J. M. and Zillmann , D. 1987 . Women's comedy preferences during the menstrual cycle . Communication Research , 14 : 204 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messaris , P. 1977 . Biases of self‐reported “functions”; and “gratifications”; of mass media use . Et Cetera , 34 : 316 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• Monge , P. R. 1982 . Systems theory and research in the study of organizational communication: The correspondence problem . Human Communication Research , 8 : 245 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbett , R. E. and Wilson , T. D. 1977 . Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes . Psychological Review , 84 : 231 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmgreen , P. 1984 . “ Uses and gratifications: A theoretical perspective ” . In Communication yearbook , Edited by: Bostrom , R. N. Vol. 8 , 20 – 55 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Palmgreen , P. and Rayburn , J. D. II . 1982 . Gratifications sought and media exposure: An expectancy value model . Communication Research , 9 : 561 – 580 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmgreen , P. and Rayburn , J. D. II . 1985 . “ An expectancy‐value approach to media gratifications ” . In Media gratifications research: Current perspectives , Edited by: Rosengren , K. E. , Wenner , L. A. and Palmgreen , P. 61 – 72 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Palmgreen , P. , Wenner , L. A. and Rosengren , K. E. 1985 . “ Uses and gratifications research: The past ten years ” . In Media gratifications research: Current perspectives , Edited by: Rosengren , K. E. , Wenner , L. A. and Palmgreen , P. 11 – 37 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Peled , T. and Katz , E. 1974 . “ Media functions in wartime: The Israel home front in October 1973 ” . In The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research , Edited by: Blumler , J. G. and Katz , E. 49 – 69 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Rosengren , K. E. 1983 . Communication research: One paradigm, or four? . Journal of Communication , 33 (3) : 185 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosengren , K. E. 1985 . “ Growth of a research tradition: Some concluding remarks ” . In Media gratifications research: Current perspectives , Edited by: Rosengren , K. E. , Wenner , L.A. and Palmgreen , P. 275 – 284 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , A. M. 1983 . Television uses and gratifications: The interactions of viewing patterns and motivations . Journal of Broadcasting , 27 : 37 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , A. M. 1985 . Uses of daytime television soap operas by college students . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 29 : 241 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E. R. and Miller , F. D. 1978 . Limitations on perception of cognitive processes: A reply to Nisbett and Wilson . Psychological Review , 85 : 355 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , D. L. 1980 . “ A constructivist approach ” . In Handbook of political communication , Edited by: Nimmo , D. and Sanders , K. 169 – 191 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Swanson , D. L. 1987 . Gratification seeking, media exposure, and audience interpretations: Some directions for research . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 31 : 237 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. and Thompson , S. C. 1982 . Stalking the elusive “vividness”; effect . Psychological Review , 89 : 155 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenner , L. A. 1985 . “ The nature of news gratifications ” . In Media gratifications research: Current perspectives , Edited by: Rosengren , K. E. , Wenner , L. A. and Palmgreen , P. 171 – 193 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Whetmore , E. J. and Kielwasser , A. P. 1983 . The soap opera audience speaks: A preliminary report . Journal of American Culture , 6 (3) : 110 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeller , R. A. and Carmines , E. G. 1980 . Measurement in the social sciences: The link between theory and data , London : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann , D. 1985 . “ The experimental exploration of gratifications from media entertainment ” . In Media gratifications research: Current perspectives , Edited by: Rosengren , K. E. , Wenner , L. A. and Palmgreen , P. 225 – 239 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar