The V‐Chip in Canada and the United States: Themes and variations in design and deployment

References

• Action Group on Violence on Television . 1997 . Report on a classification system for violence in television programming to be used in conjunction with the V‐Chip: Report to the CRTC , Ottawa : AGVOT .
   Google Scholar
• Amesse , F. , Seguin‐Dulude , L. and Stanley , G. 1994 . “ Northern Telecom: A case study in the management of technology ” . In Canadian‐Based Multinationals , Edited by: Globerman , S. 421 – 456 . Calgary : University of Calgary Press .
   Google Scholar
• Andrews , E. L. 1996 . TV executives reach broad agreement on a system to rate violent shows . The New York Times , February 29 : A‐11
   Google Scholar
• Atkin , D. J. 1994 . Cable exhibition in the USA: Ownership trends and implications of the 1992 Cable Act . Telecommunications Policy , 18 : 331 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson , D. and Gourdeau , M. 1991 . Summary and analysis of various studies on violence and television , Ottawa : CRTC .
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson , M. M. , ed. 1993 . Governing Canada: Institutions and public policy , (2nd ed.) , Toronto : Harcourt Brace .
   Google Scholar
• Australia, Department of Communication and the Arts . July 9 1996 . Government to tighten controls on media violence , July 9 , Commonwealth of Australia . [Press Release]
   Google Scholar
• Babe , R. E. 1990 . Telecommunications in Canada: Technology, industry and government , Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , T. D. , McVoy , S. and Steinfield , C. 1996 . Convergence: Integrating media, information, and communication , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Baur , H. 1992 . Technological perspectives of telecommunications for the 90s . Telecommunications Journal , 59 : 347 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Beniger , J. R. 1986 . The control revolution: Technological and economic origins of the information society , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bewig , M. S. 1991 . Federalism and telecommunications: On the right wavelength? . George Washington Law Review , 59 : 1190 – 1217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair , R. S. and McLeod , J. T. , eds. 1993 . The Canadian political tradition: Basic readings , (2nd ed.) , Scarborough : Nelson .
   Google Scholar
• Brock , G. 1994 . Telecommunication policy for the information age: From monopoly to competition , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Canada, Industry Canada & Heritage Canada . 1996 . Convergence policy statement , Ottawa : Industry Canada/ Heritage Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Canada, Standing Committee on Communications and Culture . 1993 . Television violence: Fraying our social fabric , Ottawa : House of Commons .
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Broadcast Standards Council, Ontario Regional Council . 1994a . CIII‐TV (Global Television) (Toronto) re: “Mighty Morphins Power Rangers” CBSC Decisions 93/94–0270 and 93/94–0277 . [Online]. Available: http://www.cbsc.ca/english/decision/940405.htm
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Broadcast Standards Council . 1994b . ’'Power Rangers’ too violent, says Ontario council . [Online]. Available: http://www.cbsc.ca/
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Cable Television Association . 1998 . Reading room — Cable TV facts . [Online]. Available: http://www.ccta.com/engl...ing/tvfacts/current.html
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Cable Television Association . 1996 . Final report: The classification of U.S. television signals for the Canadian cable industry , Ottawa : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Radio‐television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) . June 18 1997b . Classification system for violence in television programming , June 18 , Ottawa : CRTC . (Public Notice CRTC 1997–80)
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Radio‐television and Telecommunications Commission . March 14 1996a . Policy on violence in television programming , March 14 , Ottawa : CRTC . (Public Notice CRTC 1996–36)
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Radio‐television and Telecommunications Commission . October 4 1996b . Revised timetable for the implementation of the television program classification system and V‐Chip technology , October 4 , Ottawa : CRTC . (Public Notice CRTC 1996–134)
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Radio‐television and Telecommunications Commission . May 19 1995a . Competition and culture on Canada's information highway: Managing the realities of transition , May 19 , Ottawa : Public Works and Government Services .
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Radio‐television and Telecommunications Commission . April 3 1995b . A review of the Commission's approach to violence in television programming , April 3 , Ottawa : CRTC . (Notice of Public Hearing CRTC 1995–5)
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Radio‐television and Telecommunications Commission . March 24 1995c . Introduction to decisions renewing the license of privately‐owned English‐language television stations , March 24 , Ottawa : CRTC . (Public Notice CRTC 1995–48)
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Radio‐television and Telecommunications Commission . December 21 1994a . The pay television and pay‐per‐view programming code regarding violence , December 21 , Ottawa : CRTC . (Public Notice CRTC 1994–155)
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Radio‐television and Telecommunications Commission . November 2 1994b . CRTC welcomes Broadcast Council ruling on ‘Power Rangers’ , November 2 , Ottawa : CRTC . (News Release)
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Radio‐television and Telecommunications Commission . February 10 1994c . The production fund , February 10 , Ottawa : CRTC . (Public Notice CRTC 1994–10)
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Radio‐television and Telecommunications Commission . October 28 1993a . Voluntary code regarding violence in television programming , October 28 , Ottawa : CRTC . (Public Notice CRTC 1993–149)
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . Captioning bill on move in house . Broadcasting , 118 (19) May 7 : 57
   Google Scholar
• Chan‐Olmsted , S. M. and Litman , B. R. 1988 . Antitrust and horizontal mergers in the cable industry . Journal of Media Economics , 1 : 3 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Coalition for Responsible Television . June 26 1995 . Taking the razor blade out of the apple [Presentation to CRTC Hearings on Television Violence, 1995–5] , June 26 , Ottawa : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Communications Canada . 1992a . The information society: New media, new choices , Ottawa : Supply and Services .
   Google Scholar
• Communications Canada . 1992b . Convergence, competition and cooperation: policy and regulation affecting local telephone and cable networks , Ottawa : Supply and Services .
   Google Scholar
• Comor , E. 1991 . The DOC under free trade . Canadian Journal of Communication , 16 : 239 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Consumer Electronics Manufacturing Association (CEMA) . 1997 . FCC proposed timetable for V‐Chip too aggressive . September 25 [Online] Available: http:/www.cemacity.org/gazette/files/vchiptt.htm
   Google Scholar
• Consumer Electronics Manufacturing Association (CEMA) . 1996 . V‐Chip ratings system must be solid before TV manufacturers build sets . December 19 [Online] Available: http://www.cemacity.org/..ct/video/filed/vchip/htm
   Google Scholar
• Consumer Electronics Manufacturing Association (n.d.). “V‐Chip Fact Sheet” [Online]. Available: http:/www.gazette/files/vchip.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Coustel , J. P. 1993 . New rules for cable television in the USA . Telecommunications Policy , 17 : 200 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson , G. 1996 . How's It Work? The V‐Chip is based on closed‐captioning technology . Broadcasting and Cable , 126 (3) March 26 : 24
   Google Scholar
• April 1995 . “ Direct‐to‐Home Satellite Policy Review Panel ” . In Direct‐to‐home satellite broadcasting: Report of the Policy Review Panel , April , Ottawa : Heritage Canada and Industry Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , D. 1992 . Split screen: Home entertainment and the new technologies , Toronto : Friends of Canadian Broadcasting .
   Google Scholar
• Fagen , D. 1996 . Cross‐border culture row looms . The Globe and Mail , January 18 : B1 B8
   Google Scholar
• Federal Communications Commission . March 12 1998a . In the matter of implementation of Section 551 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, video program ratings, Report and Order , March 12 , Washington DC : FCC . (FCC 98–35, CS Docket No. 97–55)
   Google Scholar
• Federal Communications Commission . March 12 1998b . In the matter of technical requirements to enable blocking of video programming based on program ratings, Report and Order , March 12 , Washington DC : FCC . (FCC 98–36, ET Docket No. 97–206)
   Google Scholar
• Federal Communications Commission . September 9 1997a . Commission seeks comments on revised industry proposal for rating video programming , September 9 , Washington, DC : FCC . (FCC 97–321)
   Google Scholar
• Federal Communications Commission . September 26 1997b . In the matter of technical requirements to enable blocking of video programming based on program ratings , September 26 , Washington DC : FCC . (FCC 97–340)
   Google Scholar
• Federal Communications Commission . February 7 1997c . Commission seeks comment on industry proposal for rating video programming , February 7 , Washington, DC : FCC . (CS Docket 97–55)
   Google Scholar
• Gillies , D. J. 1990 . Technological determinism in Canadian telecommunications: Telidon technology, industry and government . Canadian Journal of Communication , 15 (2) : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Hadden , S. E. and Lenert , E. 1995 . Telecommunications networks are not VCRs: The public nature of new information technologies for universal service . Media, Culture and Society , 17 : 121 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , C. 1993 . Closed captions get an open airing . The Globe & Mail , May 31 : C3
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz , R. B. 1989 . The irony of regulatory reform: The deregulation of American telecommunications , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . House unit expresses interest in mandating TV closed‐captioning . Communications Daily , 10 (86) May 3 : 5
   Google Scholar
• Information Highway Advisory Council . September 1997 . Preparing Canada for a digital world: Final report of the IHAC , September , Ottawa : Industry Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Information Highway Advisory Council . 1995a . Canadian content and culture working group, Ensuring a strong Canadian presence in the information highway , Ottawa : Industry Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Information Highway Advisory Council . September 1995b . Connection, community, content: The challenge of the information highway , September , Ottawa : Supply and Services .
   Google Scholar
• Josephson , W. February 1995 . Television violence: A review of the effects on children of different ages , February , Ottawa : Canadian Heritage .
   Google Scholar
• Lower , M. D. 1987 . The concept of technology within the institutionalist perspective . Journal of Economic Issues , 21 (3) : 1147 – 1176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansell , R. 1993 . The new telecommunications: A political economy of network evolution , Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Markey , E. J. 1996 . It takes a V‐chip . [unpublished mimeograph]
   Google Scholar
• Martinez , A. Scientific knowledge about television violence , Ottawa : CRTC, Television Programming Directorate . (n.d.)
   Google Scholar
• Tetrault , McCarthy . 1994 . 1994–95 Canadian broadcast and cable regulatory handbook , Toronto : McCarthy Tetrault .
   Google Scholar
• McChesney , R. W. 1994 . Telecommunications, mass media, and democracy , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McDowell , S. and Maitland , C. 1998 . “ Developing television ratings in Canada and the United States: The perils and promises of self‐regulation ” . In The V‐Chip Debate: Content filtering from television to the Internet , Edited by: Price , M. E. 23 – 46 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Mosco , V. 1990 . Toward a transnational world information order: The Canada‐U.S. Free Trade Agreement . Canadian Journal of Communication , 15 (2) : 46 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Mulgan , G. J. 1991 . Communication and control: Networks and the new economies of communication , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Mundy , A. 1996 . The clean‐up man: Representative Ed Markey saves the V‐chip from politics . Mediaweek , 6 (11) March 11 : 17
   Google Scholar
• National Cable Television Association . 1998 . Current estimates . [Online] Available: http//www.ncta.com/dir_current.html
   Google Scholar
• National Cable Television Association, Research and Policy Analysis Department . 1996 . Cable Television Developments , 20 (1) : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• National Television Violence Study . 1997 . National Television Violence Study , Volume 1 , Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . New closed‐captioning rules fuel an industry trend to include more consumers with special needs . The New York Times , July 2 : D‐16
   Google Scholar
• Nordicity Group Limited . July 1995 . Approaches to violence in television programming: Review of responses to CRTC Notice of Public Hearing 1995–5 , July , Ottawa : Nordicity Group Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Raboy , M. 1990 . Missed opportunities: The story of Canada's broadcasting policy , Montreal : McGill‐Queen's .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblum , T. M. 1994 . Closed‐captioning now widespread: Advocates pressing for faster movement . Billboard , 106 (30) July 23 : 79
   Google Scholar
• Samarajiva , R. and Shields , P. 1992 . Emergent institutions of the ‘intelligent network’: Toward a theoretical understanding . Media, Culture and Society , 14 : 397 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , F. L. , Meeske , M. and Wright , J. 1995 . Electronic media and government: The regulation of wireless and wired mass communication in the United States , White Plains : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• United States (1996) Telecommunications Act of 1996 (Public Law No. 104–104, 110 Stat. 56)
   Google Scholar
• United States, Census Bureau . 1996 . Annual survey of communications, 1995 , Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• United States Congress . Future of satellite‐based services . Hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance of the Committee of Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, 103rd Congress, First Session . May 20 1993 , Washington, DC. U.S. Government Printing Office . Serial No. 103–13
   Google Scholar
• United States Congress . High definition television, 103rd Congress, First Session . May 27 1993 , Washington, DC. U.S. Government Printing Office . Serial No. 103–41
   Google Scholar
• United States Congress . Emerging telecommunications technologies, 103rd Congress, First Session . February 4 1993 , Washington, DC. U.S. Government Printing Office . and April 22, Serial No. 103–14
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Commerce . 1994 . U.S. industrial outlook 1994 , Lanham, MD : Bernan Press .
   Google Scholar
• West , D. M. 1995 . Television advertising in election campaigns . Political Science Quarterly , 109 (5) : 789 – 809 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1996 . Who's afraid of satellite TV? . The Globe and Mail , February 18 : D‐6
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , K. G. 1988 . Technologies of control: The new interactive media for the home , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Winsor , H. 1996 . TV to be rated for violence . The Globe and Mail , 1 March 15 : 7
   Google Scholar