Making a difference in prime time: Women on screen and behind the scenes in the 1995–96 television season

References

• Argyle , M. , Lalljee , M. and Cook , M. 1968 . The effects of visibility on interaction in a dyad. . Human Relations , 21 : 3 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbatsis , G. S. , Wong , M. R. and Herek , G. M. 1983 . A struggle for dominance: Relational communication patterns in television drama. . Communication Quarterly , 31 (2) : 148 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Byars , J. 1987 . Reading feminine discourse: Prime‐time television in the U.S. . Communication , 9 : 289 – 303 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , P. and Levinson , S. 1987 . Politeness: Some universals in language usage. , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cantor , M. G. and Cantor , J. M. 1992 . Prime‐time television: Content and control. , Newbury Park : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , D. M. 1990 . Portrayals of women in prime‐time network television: Some demographic characteristics. . Sex Roles , 23 (5/6) : 325 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dindia , K. 1987 . The effects of sex of subject and sex of partner on interruptions. . Human Communication Research , 13 : 345 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow , B. J. 1996 . Prime‐time feminism. , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eakins , B. W. and Eakins , R. C. 1978 . Sex differences in communication. , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . Season‐to‐date household ratings/shares of prime‐time programs . Electronic Media , January 1 : 43
   Google Scholar
• Faludi , S. 1991 . “ Teen angels and unwed witches: The backlash on TV ” . In Backlash: The undeclared war against American women , 140 – 168 . New York : Anchor Books .
   Google Scholar
• Fishman , P. 1978 . Interaction: The work women do. . Social Problems , 25 : 397 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham , A. and Bitar , N. 1993 . The stereotyped portrayal of men and women in British television advertisements. . Sex Roles , 29 (3/4) : 297 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Gerbner , G. June 1993 . Women and minorities on television: A study in casting and fate. , Report to the Screen Actors Guild and The American Federation of Radio and Television Artists June ,
   Google Scholar
• Gitlin , T. 1983 . Inside prime time. , New York : Pantheon .
   Google Scholar
• Giannetti , L. 1987 . Understanding movies. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Gunter , B. 1986 . Television and sex role stereotyping. , London : John Libbey .
   Google Scholar
• Halpert , F. P. , Kramer , C. and Clark , R. A. 1975 . Participants’ perceptions of self and partner in mixed‐sex dyads. . Central States Speech Journal , 26 : 52 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Head , H. 1954 . Content analysis of television drama programmes. . Quarterly of Film, Radio and Television , 9 : 175 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Heide , M. J. 1995 . Television culture and women's lives. , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herbenick , M. R. , Thompson , T. I. and Cusella , L. P. Gender differences in interruption: The development and testing of a coding scheme. Paper presented to the Annual Convention of the International Communication Association . Albuquerque, NM. May .
   Google Scholar
• Hirschman , L. 1973 . “ Female‐male differences in conversational interaction. ” . In Language and sex: Difference and dominance , Edited by: Thorne , B. and Henley , N. 121 – 129 . Rowley, MA : Newbury House .
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorff , K. 1980 . Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. , Newbury Park : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Leet‐Pellegrini , H. M. 1979 . “ Conversational dominance as a function of gender and expertise. ” . In Language: Social psychological perspectives , Edited by: Giles , H. , Robinson , W. P. and Smith , P. M. 97 – 104 . New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lemon , J. 1978 . “ Dominant or dominated? Women on prime‐time television. ” . In Hearth and home: Images of women in the mass media , Edited by: Tuchman , G. , Daniels , A. K. and Benet , J. 51 – 68 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , M. R. and Windahl , S. 1984 . Audience activity and gratifications: A conceptual clarification and exploration. . Communication Research , 11 (1) : 51 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maracek , J. , Piliavin , J. A. , Fitzsimmons , E. , Krogh , E. C. , Leader , E. and Trudell , B. 1978 . Women as TV experts: The voice of authority? . Journal of Communication , 28 : 159 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marche , T. A. and Peterson , C. 1993 . The development and sex‐related use of interruption behavior. . Human Communication Research , 19 (3) : 388 – 408 .
   Google Scholar
• McCarrick , A. K. , Manderscheid , R. W. and Silbergeld , S. 1981 . Gender differences in competition and dominance during married‐couples group therapy. . Social Psychology Quarterly , 44 : 164 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan , J. R. , Clifton , A. K. , McGrath , D. and Gale , W. S. 1977 . Women's language: Uncertainty or interpersonal sensitivity and emotionality? . Sex Roles , 3 : 545 – 559 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meehan , D. M. 1983 . Ladies of the evening: Women characters of prime‐time television. , Metuchen, N.J. : The Scarecrow Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Mulac , A. , Bradac , J. J. and Mann , S. K. 1985 . Male/female language differences and attributional consequences in children's television. . Human Communication Research , 11 : 481 – 506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Octigan , M. and Niederman , S. 1979 . Male dominance in conversations. . Frontiers , 4 : 50 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Seger , L. 1996 . When women call the shots: The developing power and influence of women in television and film. , New York : Henry Holt and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Sklar , R. 1980 . Prime‐time America: Life on and behind the television screen. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smythe , D. W. 1954 . Reality as presented by television. . Public Opinion Quarterly , 18 : 143 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland , S. 1995 . “ Content analysis of the image of women on television. ” . In Women and media: Content, careers, and criticism , Edited by: Lont , C. M. 179 – 189 . San Francisco : Wadsworth Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Steenland , S. November 1990 . What's wrong with this picture: The status of women on screen and behind the camera in entertainment TV. , November , Washington, D. C. : National Commission on Working Women on Wider Opportunities for Women .
   Google Scholar
• Sternglanz , S. H. and Serbin , L. A. 1974 . Sex‐role stereotyping in children's television programs. . Developmental Psychology , 10 : 710 – 715 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannen , D. 1990 . You just don't understand: Women and men in conversation. , New York : Ballantine .
   Google Scholar
• Trimboli , C. and Walker , M. B. 1984 . Switching pauses in cooperative and competitive conversations. . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 20 : 297 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turow , J. 1974 . Advising and ordering: Daytime, prime time. . Journal of Communication , 24 : 138 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turow , J. 1984 . Media industries. , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• West , C. 1979 . Against our will: Male interruptions of females in cross‐sex conversations. . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 327 : 81 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Willis , F. M. and Williams , S. J. 1976 . Simultaneous talking in conversations and sex of speakers. . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 43 : 1067 – 1070 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , M. M. 1966 . The influence of sex and knowledge of communication effectiveness on spontaneous speech. . Word , 22 : 117 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , D. H. and West , C. 1975 . “ Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation. ” . In Language and sex: Difference and dominance , Edited by: Thorne , B. and Henley , N. 105 – 129 . Rowley, MA : Newbury House Publishers Inc. .
   Google Scholar